ISCO-08 2341
Primary school teachers
43.0%
ADI · 210th of 433 · 95% interval 31.3–55.1
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 43.0% of the task time of primary school teachers, and finish 0.0% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full43.0%
210th of 433 · interval 31.3–55.1
ADI3 · full delegation0.0%
201st of 433 · interval 0.0–0.0
ADIs · share of time37.8%
201st of 433 · interval 33.9–42.4
Evidence73
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 21.6 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 7.0%L1Augmentation · 50.0%L2Partial delegation · 43.0%L3Full delegation · 0.0%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
73 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observe and evaluate students' performance, behavior, social development, and physical health.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 2.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 2.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Instruct through lectures, discussions, and demonstrations in one or more subjects, such as English, mathematics, or social studies.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 2.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 22% | 50 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct students individually and in groups, using teaching methods such as lectures, discussions, and demonstrations.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 2.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Establish and enforce rules for behavior and procedures for maintaining order among students.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 2.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish and enforce rules for behavior and procedures for maintaining order among the students.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 2.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Enforce all administration policies and rules governing students.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 2.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 24% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects, and communicate these objectives to students.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 2.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 45 min | Trust and care |
| Assign lessons and correct homework.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 2.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.1 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare, administer, and grade tests and assignments to evaluate students' progress.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 2.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Use computers, audio-visual aids, and other equipment and materials to supplement presentations.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 45 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students' varying needs and interests.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.5 h | Physical presence |
| Guide and counsel students with adjustment or academic problems or with special academic interests.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.9% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe and evaluate students' performance, behavior, social development, and physical health.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 2.2 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Show the other 58 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration, and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question, and investigate.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students' varying needs and interests.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration, and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question, and investigate.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain accurate, complete, and correct student records as required by laws, district policies, and administrative regulations.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Use computers, audio-visual aids, and other equipment and materials to supplement presentations.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 52 min | Physical presence |
| Establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects and communicate those objectives to students.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 38 min | Trust and care |
| Prepare students for later grades by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assist students who need extra help, such as by tutoring and preparing and implementing remedial programs.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare students for later grades by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.6% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Read books to entire classes or small groups.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.6% | L0 | L1L0 | 8% | 22 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Assign and grade class work and homework.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Enforce administration policies and rules governing students.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.6% | L0 | L0L1 | 14% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct and monitor students in the use and care of equipment and materials to prevent injuries and damage.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.5% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Organize and lead activities designed to promote physical, mental, and social development, such as games, arts and crafts, music, and storytelling.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Prepare and implement remedial programs for students requiring extra help.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct and monitor students in the use and care of equipment and materials to prevent injury and damage.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 12% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide a variety of materials and resources for children to explore, manipulate, and use, both in learning activities and in imaginative play.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Confer with parents or guardians, other teachers, counselors, and administrators to resolve students' behavioral and academic problems.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 45 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare objectives and outlines for courses of study, following curriculum guidelines or requirements of states and schools.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 2.5 h | – |
| Collaborate with other teachers and administrators in the development, evaluation, and revision of middle school programs.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 2.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare for assigned classes and show written evidence of preparation upon request of immediate supervisors.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 2.3 h | Access to systems |
| Maintain accurate and complete student records as required by laws, district policies, and administrative regulations.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare, administer, and grade tests and assignments to evaluate students' progress.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare for assigned classes and show written evidence of preparation upon request of immediate supervisors.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 1.8 h | Access to systems |
| Guide and counsel students with adjustment or academic problems, or special academic interests.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with parents or guardians, teachers, counselors, and administrators to resolve students' behavioral and academic problems.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 1.1 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide students with disabilities with assistive devices, supportive technology, and assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education · supplemental task | 1.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 18% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform administrative duties, such as school library assistance, hall and cafeteria monitoring, and bus loading and unloading.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Confer with other staff members to plan and schedule lessons promoting learning, following approved curricula.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 1.3 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Meet with other professionals to discuss individual students' needs and progress.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 28% | 52 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Meet with other professionals to discuss individual students' needs and progress.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 28% | 45 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare objectives and outlines for courses of study, following curriculum guidelines or requirements of states and schools.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.1% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 4.0 h | – |
| Attend staff meetings and serve on staff committees, as required.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform administrative duties, such as school library assistance, hall and cafeteria monitoring, and bus loading and unloading.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Organize and label materials and display students' work.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Provide students with disabilities with assistive devices, supportive technology, and assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education · supplemental task | 1.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Organize and label materials and display students' work.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 26% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Organize and supervise games and other recreational activities to promote physical, mental, and social development.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.0% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Meet or correspond with parents or guardians to discuss children's progress and to determine priorities and resource needs.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 38 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare reports on students and activities as required by administration.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.0 h | Access to systems |
| Collaborate with other teachers and administrators in the development, evaluation, and revision of elementary school programs.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 1.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise, evaluate, and plan assignments for teacher assistants and volunteers.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 1.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with other staff members to plan and schedule lessons promoting learning, following approved curricula.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 52 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate and supervise extracurricular activities, such as clubs, student organizations, and academic contests.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise, evaluate, and plan assignments for teacher assistants and volunteers.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education · supplemental task | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Meet with parents and guardians to discuss their children's progress and to determine priorities for their children and their resource needs.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 0.8% | L1 | L1L1 | 28% | 38 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Attend professional meetings, educational conferences, and teacher training workshops to maintain and improve professional competence.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 5.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Attend staff meetings and serve on committees, as required.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 0.8% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare reports on students and activities as required by administration.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 1.1 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Select, store, order, issue, and inventory classroom equipment, materials, and supplies.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Plan and supervise class projects, field trips, visits by guest speakers, or other experiential activities, and guide students in learning from such activities.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 6.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and supervise class projects, field trips, visits by guest speakers or other experiential activities, and guide students in learning from those activities.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 5.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Administer standardized ability and achievement tests, and interpret results to determine student strengths and needs.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 2.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Select, store, order, issue, and inventory classroom equipment, materials, and supplies.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 1.4 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Attend professional meetings, educational conferences, and teacher training workshops to maintain and improve professional competence.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 0.7% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 5.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Involve parent volunteers and older students in children's activities to facilitate involvement in focused, complex play.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 0.6% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Administer standardized ability and achievement tests, and interpret results to determine student strengths and needs.Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 2.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Sponsor extracurricular activities, such as clubs, student organizations, and academic contests.Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education · supplemental task | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 5.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 43.0% | 52 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.329 | 52 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 1.087 | 81 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 40 | 29 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.131 | 43 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.2 | 85 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (23)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Information technology trainers 2356 | 100.0 | |
| Education methods specialists 2351 | 85.5 | |
| University and higher education teachers 2310 | 68.0 | |
| Other music teachers 2354 | 59.2 | |
| Other language teachers 2353 | 57.0 | |
| Teaching professionals not elsewhere classified 2359 | 55.0 | |
| Vocational education teachers 2320 | 53.5 | |
| Secondary education teachers 2330 | 49.9 | |
| Other arts teachers 2355 | 48.2 | |
| Special needs teachers 2352 | 33.2 | |
| Early childhood educators 2342 | 18.1 |
Dashed line: primary school teachers (43.0%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Primary school teachers (ISCO-08 2341), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2341
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Primary school teachers (ISCO-08 2341)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2341.json.