ISCO-08 2359
Teaching professionals not elsewhere classified
55.0%
ADI · 169th of 433 · 95% interval 43.4–67.4
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 55.0% of the task time of teaching professionals not elsewhere classified, and finish 2.6% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full55.0%
169th of 433 · interval 43.4–67.4
ADI3 · full delegation2.6%
108th of 433 · interval 0.0–6.7
ADIs · share of time43.0%
170th of 433 · interval 37.7–48.5
Evidence72
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 6.0 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 14.9%L1Augmentation · 30.1%L2Partial delegation · 52.5%L3Full delegation · 2.6%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
72 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provide feedback to students, using positive reinforcement techniques to encourage, motivate, or build confidence in students.Tutors | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 20 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review class material with students by discussing text, working solutions to problems, or reviewing worksheets or other assignments.Tutors | 2.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 52 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Enforce school and class rules to maintain order in the classroom.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 2.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 3.4 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess students' progress throughout tutoring sessions.Tutors | 2.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 38 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Answer students' questions.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 2.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 45% | 3 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide private instruction to individual or small groups of students to improve academic performance, improve occupational skills, or prepare for academic or occupational tests.Tutors | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.0 h | Trust and care |
| Counsel students regarding educational issues, such as course and program selection, class scheduling and registration, school adjustment, truancy, study habits, and career planning.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 48 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Follow lesson plans designed by absent teachers.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 2.1% | L0 | L1L0 | 8% | 3.4 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain accurate and complete student records as required by laws, district policies, and administrative regulations.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Counsel individuals or groups to help them understand and overcome personal, social, or behavioral problems affecting their educational or vocational situations.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 2.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 55 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach students study skills, note-taking skills, and test-taking strategies.Tutors | 2.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.0 h | Trust and care |
| Take class attendance and maintain attendance records.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 2.0% | L1 | L1L1 | 30% | 9 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare students for later educational experiences by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Distribute teaching materials, such as textbooks, workbooks, papers, and pencils, to students.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 1.9% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 10 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Teach social skills to students, such as communication, conflict resolution, and etiquette.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 1.8% | L1 | L1L1 | 25% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Show the other 57 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monitor student performance or assist students in academic environments, such as classrooms, laboratories, or computing centers.Tutors | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise students during activities outside the classroom, such as recess, lunch, and field trips.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 1.7% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review transcripts to ensure that students meet graduation or college entrance requirements, and write letters of recommendation.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 52 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach a variety of subjects, such as English, mathematics, and social studies.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 1.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 3.4 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Schedule tutoring appointments with students or their parents.Tutors | 1.7% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 12 min | Access to systems |
| Refer students to degree programs based on interests, aptitudes, or educational assessments.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 52 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with parents or guardians, teachers, administrators, and other professionals to discuss children's progress, resolve behavioral, academic, and other problems, and to determine priorities for students and their resource needs.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 1.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collaborate with students, parents, teachers, school administrators, or counselors to determine student needs, develop tutoring plans, or assess student progress.Tutors | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 1.3 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Distribute or collect tests or homework assignments.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 1.6% | L0 | L0L0 | 8% | 8 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Tutor or assist students individually or in small groups.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 1.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide students with information on topics such as college degree programs and admission requirements, financial aid opportunities, trade and technical schools, and apprenticeship programs.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.6% | L2 | L3L2 | 72% | 38 min | Trust and care |
| Evaluate students' or individuals' abilities, interests, and personality characteristics, using tests, records, interviews, or professional sources.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Organize tutoring environment to promote productivity and learning.Tutors | 1.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Operate equipment such as computers or audio-visual aids to supplement presentations.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 1.5% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 15 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Organize and supervise games or other recreational activities.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term · supplemental task | 1.5% | L0 | L0L2 | 22% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Communicate students' progress to students, parents, or teachers in written progress reports, in person, by phone, or by email.Tutors | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 22 min | Trust and care |
| Establish and enforce administration policies and rules governing student behavior.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Counsel students with adjustment or academic problems.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 1.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 32 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain records of students' assessment results, progress, feedback, or school performance, ensuring confidentiality of all records.Tutors | 1.5% | L2 | L2L3 | 72% | 45 min | Access to systems |
| Assist students with boarding or exiting school buses.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term · supplemental task | 1.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide crisis intervention to students when difficult situations occur at schools.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify, develop, or implement intervention strategies, tutoring plans, or individualized education plans (IEPs) for students.Tutors | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess needs for assistance, such as rehabilitation, financial aid, or additional vocational training, and refer clients to the appropriate services.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer students to outside counseling services.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 38 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare lesson plans or learning modules for tutoring sessions according to students' needs and goals.Tutors | 1.3% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 1.0 h | Access to systems |
| Provide students with disabilities with assistive devices, supportive technology, or assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term · supplemental task | 1.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct follow-up interviews with counselees to determine if their needs have been met.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify cases of domestic abuse or other family problems and encourage students or parents to seek additional assistance from mental health professionals.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Travel to students' homes, libraries, or schools to conduct tutoring sessions.Tutors · supplemental task | 1.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Attend meetings, educational conferences, and training workshops, and serve on committees.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 28% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide students with disabilities with assistive devices, supportive technology, and assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interview clients to obtain information about employment history, educational background, and career goals, and to identify barriers to employment.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 52 min | Trust and care |
| Instruct individuals in career development techniques, such as job search and application strategies, resume writing, and interview skills.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.0 h | Trust and care |
| Prepare reports on students and activities as required by administration.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 2.0 h | Access to systems |
| Plan, direct, and participate in recruitment and enrollment activities.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 5.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare and facilitate tutoring workshops, collaborative projects, or academic support sessions for small groups of students.Tutors | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 2.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Grade students' assignments and exams.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L3 | 75% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Teach classes and present self-help or information sessions on subjects related to education and career planning.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Provide information for teachers and staff members involved in helping students or graduates identify and pursue employment opportunities.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 1.5 h | Access to systems |
| Supervise, train, and direct professional staff and interns.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe students during classroom and play activities to evaluate students' performance, behavior, social development, and physical health.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 0.9% | L1 | L1L1 | 12% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop teaching or training materials, such as handouts, study materials, or quizzes.Tutors | 0.9% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 1.8 h | – |
| Compile and study occupational, educational, and economic information to assist counselees in determining and carrying out vocational and educational objectives.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 1.8 h | Trust and care |
| Plan and conduct orientation programs and group conferences to promote the adjustment of individuals to new life experiences, such as starting college.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 6.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in training and development sessions to improve tutoring practices or learn new tutoring techniques.Tutors | 0.9% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.8 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Restock teaching materials or supplies.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term · supplemental task | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 25 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Collaborate with teachers and administrators in the development, evaluation, and revision of school programs and in the preparation of master schedules for curriculum offerings.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 7.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Address community groups, faculty, and staff members to explain available counseling services.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 1.3 h | Trust and care |
| Establish and supervise peer-counseling and peer-tutoring programs.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 22 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and promote career and employment-related programs and events, such as career planning presentations, work experience programs, job fairs, and career workshops.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 6.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide special services such as alcohol and drug prevention programs and classes that teach students to handle conflicts without resorting to violence.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish contacts with employers to create internship and employment opportunities for students.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.4 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer qualified counselees to employers or employment services for job placement.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 52 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Attend professional meetings, educational conferences, or teacher training workshops to improve professional competence.Substitute Teachers, Short-Term | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 5.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Sponsor extracurricular activities, such as clubs, student organizations, and academic contests.Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors · supplemental task | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Research or recommend textbooks, software, equipment, or other learning materials to complement tutoring.Tutors · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 1.8 h | – |
| Administer, proctor, or score academic or diagnostic assessments.Tutors · supplemental task | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 55.0% | 61 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.401 | 61 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 1.208 | 88 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 40 | 29 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.281 | 65 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.234 | 87 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (23)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Information technology trainers 2356 | 100.0 | |
| Education methods specialists 2351 | 85.5 | |
| University and higher education teachers 2310 | 68.0 | |
| Other music teachers 2354 | 59.2 | |
| Other language teachers 2353 | 57.0 | |
| Vocational education teachers 2320 | 53.5 | |
| Secondary education teachers 2330 | 49.9 | |
| Other arts teachers 2355 | 48.2 | |
| Primary school teachers 2341 | 43.0 | |
| Special needs teachers 2352 | 33.2 | |
| Early childhood educators 2342 | 18.1 |
Dashed line: teaching professionals not elsewhere classified (55.0%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Teaching professionals not elsewhere classified (ISCO-08 2359), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2359
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Teaching professionals not elsewhere classified (ISCO-08 2359)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2359.json.