ISCO-08 2652
Musicians, singers and composers
41.9%
ADI · 211th of 433 · 95% interval 29.8–54.7
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 41.9% of the task time of musicians, singers and composers, and finish 0.0% alone. Most of the rest requires physical presence.
ADI · partial or full41.9%
211th of 433 · interval 29.8–54.7
ADI3 · full delegation0.0%
201st of 433 · interval 0.0–0.0
ADIs · share of time33.8%
227th of 433 · interval 27.1–40.3
Evidence59
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 1.2 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 33.8%L1Augmentation · 24.3%L2Partial delegation · 41.9%L3Full delegation · 0.0%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
59 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialize in playing a specific family of instruments or a particular type of music.Musicians and Singers | 2.9% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 6.0 h | Physical presence |
| Sing a cappella or with musical accompaniment.Musicians and Singers | 2.7% | L0 | L1L0 | 5% | 47 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Use gestures to shape the music being played, communicating desired tempo, phrasing, tone, color, pitch, volume, and other performance aspects.Music Directors and Composers | 2.7% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Sing as a soloist or as a member of a vocal group.Musicians and Singers | 2.6% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Apply elements of music theory to create musical and tonal structures, including harmonies and melodies.Music Directors and Composers | 2.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 3.0 h | – |
| Interpret or modify music, applying knowledge of harmony, melody, rhythm, and voice production to individualize presentations and maintain audience interest.Musicians and Singers | 2.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 22% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Memorize musical selections and routines, or sing following printed text, musical notation, or customer instructions.Musicians and Singers | 2.5% | L0 | L1L0 | 10% | 1.5 h | Physical presence |
| Observe choral leaders or prompters for cues or directions in vocal presentation.Musicians and Singers | 2.5% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Experiment with different sounds, and types and pieces of music, using synthesizers and computers as necessary to test and evaluate ideas.Music Directors and Composers | 2.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.5 h | – |
| Determine voices, instruments, harmonic structures, rhythms, tempos, and tone balances required to achieve the effects desired in a musical composition.Music Directors and Composers | 2.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.0 h | – |
| Direct groups at rehearsals and live or recorded performances to achieve desired effects such as tonal and harmonic balance dynamics, rhythm, and tempo.Music Directors and Composers | 2.4% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Study scores to learn the music in detail, and to develop interpretations.Music Directors and Composers | 2.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 4.0 h | – |
| Play from memory or by following scores.Musicians and Singers | 2.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 32 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Play musical instruments as soloists, or as members or guest artists of musical groups such as orchestras, ensembles, or bands.Musicians and Singers | 2.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 2.3 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Perform before live audiences in concerts, recitals, educational presentations, and other social gatherings.Musicians and Singers | 2.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Show the other 44 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transcribe ideas for musical compositions into musical notation, using instruments, pen and paper, or computers.Music Directors and Composers | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.5 h | – |
| Consider such factors as ensemble size and abilities, availability of scores, and the need for musical variety, to select music to be performed.Music Directors and Composers | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Sight-read musical parts during rehearsals.Musicians and Singers | 2.0% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 32 min | Physical presence |
| Perform in television, radio, or movie productions.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 2.0% | L0 | L0L0 | 5% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Practice performances, individually or in rehearsal with other musicians, to master individual pieces of music or to maintain and improve skills.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 2.0% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Practice singing exercises and study with vocal coaches to develop voice and skills and to rehearse for upcoming roles.Musicians and Singers | 2.0% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Stay abreast of the latest trends in music and music technology.Music Directors and Composers · supplemental task | 1.9% | L2 | L2L3 | 75% | 2.0 h | – |
| Produce recordings of music.Music Directors and Composers · supplemental task | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 6.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Listen to recordings to master pieces or to maintain and improve skills.Musicians and Singers | 1.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 52 min | – |
| Learn acting, dancing, and other skills required for dramatic singing roles.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 1.8% | L1 | L1L1 | 21% | 5.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Plan and schedule rehearsals and performances, and arrange details such as locations, accompanists, and instrumentalists.Music Directors and Composers | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 3.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Transpose music from one voice or instrument to another to accommodate particular musicians.Music Directors and Composers | 1.7% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 1.3 h | – |
| Research particular roles to find out more about a character, or the time and place in which a piece is set.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 1.7% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 2.0 h | – |
| Teach music for specific instruments.Musicians and Singers | 1.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Fill in details of orchestral sketches, such as adding vocal parts to scores.Music Directors and Composers | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 3.0 h | – |
| Position members within groups to obtain balance among instrumental or vocal sections.Music Directors and Composers | 1.6% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 45 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Explore and develop musical ideas based on sources such as imagination or sounds in the environment.Music Directors and Composers | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Write musical scores for orchestras, bands, choral groups, or individual instrumentalists or vocalists, using knowledge of music theory and of instrumental and vocal capabilities.Music Directors and Composers | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 9.0 h | – |
| Perform administrative tasks such as applying for grants, developing budgets, negotiating contracts, and designing and printing programs and other promotional materials.Music Directors and Composers | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Confer with producers and directors to define the nature and placement of film or television music.Music Directors and Composers | 1.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 25% | 1.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assign and review staff work in such areas as scoring, arranging, and copying music, and vocal coaching.Music Directors and Composers | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write music for commercial mediums, including advertising jingles or film soundtracks.Music Directors and Composers | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 7.0 h | – |
| Direct bands or orchestras.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 1.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Rewrite original musical scores in different musical styles by changing rhythms, harmonies, or tempos.Music Directors and Composers | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 3.0 h | – |
| Seek out and learn new music suitable for live performance or recording.Musicians and Singers | 1.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 3.5 h | Physical presence |
| Arrange music composed by others, changing the music to achieve desired effects.Music Directors and Composers | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 4.5 h | – |
| Provide the musical background for live shows, such as ballets, operas, musical theatre, and cabarets.Musicians and Singers | 1.3% | L0 | L0L2 | 24% | 5.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Meet with soloists and concertmasters to discuss and prepare for performances.Music Directors and Composers | 1.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Study films or scripts to determine how musical scores can be used to create desired effects or moods.Music Directors and Composers | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.5 h | – |
| Transpose music to alternate keys, or to fit individual styles or purposes.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 1.2% | L2 | L3L2 | 78% | 40 min | – |
| Create original musical forms, or write within circumscribed musical forms such as sonatas, symphonies, or operas.Music Directors and Composers | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 25 h | – |
| Audition and select performers for musical presentations.Music Directors and Composers | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 4.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Copy parts from scores for individual performers.Music Directors and Composers | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 2.8 h | Access to systems |
| Collaborate with a manager or agent who handles administrative details, finds work, and negotiates contracts.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Improvise music during performances.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 1.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 38 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Collaborate with other colleagues, such as copyists, to complete final scores.Music Directors and Composers | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 4.0 h | Trust and care |
| Compose songs or create vocal arrangements.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 4.5 h | – |
| Transcribe musical compositions and melodic lines to adapt them to a particular group, or to create a particular musical style.Music Directors and Composers | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.0 h | – |
| Promote their own or their group's music by participating in media interviews and other activities.Musicians and Singers | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Make or participate in recordings.Musicians and Singers | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Arrange and edit music to fit style and purpose.Musicians and Singers · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.5 h | – |
| Coordinate and organize tours, or hire touring companies to arrange concert dates, venues, accommodations, and transportation for longer tours.Music Directors and Composers · supplemental task | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 20 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Make or participate in recordings in music studios.Musicians and Singers | 0.8% | L1 | L1L1 | 12% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Audition for orchestras, bands, or other musical groups.Musicians and Singers | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 20% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 41.9% | 52 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.54 | 84 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 0.439 | 63 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 28 | 20 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.167 | 50 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.018 | 47 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (26)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Economists 2631 | 94.5 | |
| Authors and related writers 2641 | 92.9 | |
| Translators, interpreters and other linguists 2643 | 89.3 | |
| Philosophers, historians and political scientists 2633 | 88.4 | |
| Lawyers 2611 | 83.3 | |
| Journalists 2642 | 82.7 | |
| Legal professionals not elsewhere classified 2619 | 80.8 | |
| Announcers on radio, television and other media 2656 | 80.2 | |
| Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals 2632 | 76.4 | |
| Archivists and curators 2621 | 71.6 | |
| Film, stage and related directors and producers 2654 | 69.1 | |
| Psychologists 2634 | 66.1 |
Dashed line: musicians, singers and composers (41.9%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Musicians, singers and composers (ISCO-08 2652), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2652
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Musicians, singers and composers (ISCO-08 2652)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2652.json.