ISCO-08 2633
Philosophers, historians and political scientists
88.4%
ADI · 78th of 433 · 95% interval 76.8–97.4
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 88.4% of the task time of philosophers, historians and political scientists, and finish 5.5% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full88.4%
78th of 433 · interval 76.8–97.4
ADI3 · full delegation5.5%
68th of 433 · interval 0.0–16.1
ADIs · share of time58.0%
68th of 433 · interval 53.5–62.1
Evidence57
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 0.2 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 0.0%L1Augmentation · 11.5%L2Partial delegation · 82.9%L3Full delegation · 5.5%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
57 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maintain current knowledge of government policy decisions.Political Scientists | 5.5% | L3 | L3L3 | 82% | 1.8 h | – |
| Teach political science.Political Scientists | 5.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Advise political science students.Political Scientists | 4.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 45% | 38 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop and test theories, using information from interviews, newspapers, periodicals, case law, historical papers, polls, or statistical sources.Political Scientists | 3.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 24 h | Access to systems |
| Interpret and analyze policies, public issues, legislation, or the operations of governments, businesses, and organizations.Political Scientists | 3.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Gather historical data from sources such as archives, court records, diaries, news files, and photographs, as well as from books, pamphlets, and periodicals.Historians | 3.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 6.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Identify issues for research and analysis.Political Scientists | 3.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 4.0 h | – |
| Collect, analyze, and interpret data, such as election results and public opinion surveys, reporting on findings, recommendations, and conclusions.Political Scientists | 3.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 75% | 7.0 h | – |
| Organize data, and analyze and interpret its authenticity and relative significance.Historians | 2.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 5.5 h | Access to systems |
| Research the history of a particular country or region, or of a specific time period.Historians | 2.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 30 h | Access to systems |
| Organize information for publication and for other means of dissemination, such as via storage media or the Internet.Historians | 2.6% | L2 | L2L3 | 72% | 4.0 h | – |
| Disseminate research results through academic publications, written reports, or public presentations.Political Scientists | 2.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Serve on committees.Political Scientists | 2.5% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct historical research, and publish or present findings and theories.Historians | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 30 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Conserve and preserve manuscripts, records, and other artifacts.Historians | 2.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 24% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
Show the other 42 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conduct historical research as a basis for the identification, conservation, and reconstruction of historic places and materials.Historians | 2.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 25 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Determine which topics to research, or pursue research topics specified by clients or employers.Historians | 2.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Present historical accounts in terms of individuals or social, ethnic, political, economic, or geographic groupings.Historians | 2.2% | L2 | L2L3 | 75% | 3.5 h | – |
| Recommend actions related to historical art, such as which items to add to a collection or which items to display in an exhibit.Historians | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.3 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate activities of workers engaged in cataloging and filing materials.Historians · supplemental task | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Forecast political, economic, and social trends.Political Scientists | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 6.0 h | – |
| Collect detailed information on individuals for use in biographies.Historians · supplemental task | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Research and prepare manuscripts in support of public programming and the development of exhibits at historic sites, museums, libraries, and archives.Historians | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 22 h | Access to systems |
| Prepare publications and exhibits, or review those prepared by others, to ensure their historical accuracy.Historians | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.0 h | Access to systems |
| Advise or consult with individuals and institutions regarding issues such as the historical authenticity of materials or the customs of a specific historical period.Historians | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach and conduct research in colleges, universities, museums, and other research agencies and schools.Historians · supplemental task | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 24 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide media commentary or criticism related to public policy and political issues and events.Political Scientists · supplemental task | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.0 h | Trust and care |
| Evaluate programs and policies, and make related recommendations to institutions and organizations.Political Scientists · supplemental task | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 24 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Trace historical development in a particular field, such as social, cultural, political, or diplomatic history.Historians | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 24 h | Access to systems |
| Prepare reports or recommendations on transportation planning.Transportation Planners | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 7.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Interpret data from traffic modeling software, geographic information systems, or associated databases.Transportation Planners | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.5 h | Access to systems |
| Collaborate with engineers to research, analyze, or resolve complex transportation design issues.Transportation Planners | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Consult with and advise government officials, civic bodies, research agencies, the media, political parties, and others concerned with political issues.Political Scientists · supplemental task | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 4.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze information related to transportation, such as land use policies, environmental impact of projects, or long-range planning needs.Transportation Planners | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.0 h | Access to systems |
| Collaborate with other professionals to develop sustainable transportation strategies at the local, regional, or national level.Transportation Planners | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 22 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Define regional or local transportation planning problems or priorities.Transportation Planners | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 10 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Speak to various groups, organizations, and clubs to promote the aims and activities of historical societies.Historians | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Develop computer models to address transportation planning issues.Transportation Planners | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 12 h | Access to systems |
| Translate or request translation of reference materials.Historians · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 2.0 h | – |
| Recommend transportation system improvements or projects, based on economic, population, land-use, or traffic projections.Transportation Planners | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 7.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in public meetings or hearings to explain planning proposals, to gather feedback from those affected by projects, or to achieve consensus on project designs.Transportation Planners | 0.9% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interview people to gather information about historical events and to record oral histories.Historians | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 4.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare or review engineering studies or specifications.Transportation Planners | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 5.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare necessary documents to obtain planned project approvals or permits.Transportation Planners | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Analyze information from traffic counting programs.Transportation Planners | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Evaluate transportation project needs or costs.Transportation Planners | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Review development plans for transportation system effects, infrastructure requirements, or compliance with applicable transportation regulations.Transportation Planners | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Edit historical society publications.Historians · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 10 h | Access to systems |
| Develop or test new methods or models of transportation analysis.Transportation Planners | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 8.0 h | Access to systems |
| Write drafts of legislative proposals, and prepare speeches, correspondence, and policy papers for governmental use.Political Scientists · supplemental task | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 5.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design transportation surveys to identify areas of public concern.Transportation Planners | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 8.0 h | – |
| Evaluate transportation-related consequences of federal or state legislative proposals.Transportation Planners | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 8.0 h | Access to systems |
| Produce environmental documents, such as environmental assessments or environmental impact statements.Transportation Planners | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 60 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design new or improved transport infrastructure, such as junction improvements, pedestrian projects, bus facilities, or car parking areas.Transportation Planners | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 30 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Represent jurisdictions in the legislative or administrative approval of land development projects.Transportation Planners · supplemental task | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 7.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct urban traffic counting programs.Transportation Planners | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 6.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Define or update information such as urban boundaries or classification of roadways.Transportation Planners | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile |
|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 88.4% | 82 |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.496 | 77 |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 1.282 | 92 |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 87 | 86 |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.442 | 83 |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.171 | 80 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (26)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Economists 2631 | 94.5 | |
| Authors and related writers 2641 | 92.9 | |
| Translators, interpreters and other linguists 2643 | 89.3 | |
| Lawyers 2611 | 83.3 | |
| Journalists 2642 | 82.7 | |
| Legal professionals not elsewhere classified 2619 | 80.8 | |
| Announcers on radio, television and other media 2656 | 80.2 | |
| Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals 2632 | 76.4 | |
| Archivists and curators 2621 | 71.6 | |
| Film, stage and related directors and producers 2654 | 69.1 | |
| Psychologists 2634 | 66.1 | |
| Judges 2612 | 63.1 |
Dashed line: philosophers, historians and political scientists (88.4%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Philosophers, historians and political scientists (ISCO-08 2633), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2633
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Philosophers, historians and political scientists (ISCO-08 2633)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2633.json.