ISCO-08 2612
Judges
63.1%
ADI · 149th of 433 · 95% interval 45.8–77.8
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 63.1% of the task time of judges, and finish 0.0% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full63.1%
149th of 433 · interval 45.8–77.8
ADI3 · full delegation0.0%
201st of 433 · interval 0.0–0.0
ADIs · share of time49.9%
125th of 433 · interval 44.1–55.3
Evidence35
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 0.5 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 0.0%L1Augmentation · 36.9%L2Partial delegation · 63.1%L3Full delegation · 0.0%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
35 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authorize payment of valid claims and determine method of payment.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 4.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Monitor proceedings to ensure that all applicable rules and procedures are followed.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 4.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review and evaluate data on documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 4.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 45 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Determine existence and amount of liability according to current laws, administrative and judicial precedents, and available evidence.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 4.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct hearings to review and decide claims regarding issues, such as social program eligibility, environmental protection, or enforcement of health and safety regulations.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 3.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor and direct the activities of trials and hearings to ensure that they are conducted fairly and that courts administer justice while safeguarding the legal rights of all involved parties.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 3.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 2.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare written opinions and decisions.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 3.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 3.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Research and analyze laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions to prepare for hearings and to determine conclusions.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 3.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 3.3 h | Accountability |
| Recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or compromise settlements according to laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 3.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with individuals or organizations involved in cases to obtain relevant information.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 3.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Explain to claimants how they can appeal rulings that go against them.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 3.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 32 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Schedule hearings.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers · supplemental task | 3.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 45 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Advise attorneys, juries, litigants, and court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 3.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Rule on exceptions, motions, and admissibility of evidence.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 3.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.1 h | Accountability |
Show the other 20 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interpret and enforce rules of procedure or establish new rules in situations where there are no procedures already established by law.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.5 h | Accountability |
| Rule on admissibility of evidence and methods of conducting testimony.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 55 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Rule on custody and access disputes, and enforce court orders regarding custody and support of children.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates · supplemental task | 2.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 3.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write decisions on cases.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Preside over hearings and listen to allegations made by plaintiffs to determine whether the evidence supports the charges.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.6% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise other judges, court officers, and the court's administrative staff.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.5% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Issue arrest warrants.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct studies of appeals procedures in field agencies to ensure adherence to legal requirements and to facilitate determination of cases.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers · supplemental task | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 23 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Settle disputes between opposing attorneys.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Issue subpoenas and administer oaths in preparation for formal hearings.Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 7.0 h | Accountability |
| Conduct preliminary hearings to decide issues, such as whether there is reasonable and probable cause to hold defendants in felony cases.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates · supplemental task | 2.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.1 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Grant divorces and divide assets between spouses.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates · supplemental task | 2.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Sentence defendants in criminal cases, on conviction by jury, according to applicable government statutes.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 2.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in judicial tribunals to help resolve disputes.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates · supplemental task | 2.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Award compensation for damages to litigants in civil cases in relation to findings by juries or by the court.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 2.8 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Impose restrictions upon parties in civil cases until trials can be held.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct juries on applicable laws, direct juries to deduce the facts from the evidence presented, and hear their verdicts.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 1.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide information regarding the judicial system or other legal issues through the media and public speeches.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates · supplemental task | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Perform wedding ceremonies.Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates · supplemental task | 0.6% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 63.1% | 66 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.471 | 72 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 1.436 | 100 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 79 | 72 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.31 | 69 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.308 | 92 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (26)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Economists 2631 | 94.5 | |
| Authors and related writers 2641 | 92.9 | |
| Translators, interpreters and other linguists 2643 | 89.3 | |
| Philosophers, historians and political scientists 2633 | 88.4 | |
| Lawyers 2611 | 83.3 | |
| Journalists 2642 | 82.7 | |
| Legal professionals not elsewhere classified 2619 | 80.8 | |
| Announcers on radio, television and other media 2656 | 80.2 | |
| Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals 2632 | 76.4 | |
| Archivists and curators 2621 | 71.6 | |
| Film, stage and related directors and producers 2654 | 69.1 | |
| Psychologists 2634 | 66.1 |
Dashed line: judges (63.1%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Judges (ISCO-08 2612), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2612
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Judges (ISCO-08 2612)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2612.json.