ISCO-08 2641
Authors and related writers
92.9%
ADI · 44th of 433 · 95% interval 86.9–97.8
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 92.9% of the task time of authors and related writers, and finish 11.4% alone.
ADI · partial or full92.9%
44th of 433 · interval 86.9–97.8
ADI3 · full delegation11.4%
35th of 433 · interval 2.6–22.6
ADIs · share of time65.0%
28th of 433 · interval 61.1–68.7
Evidence72
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 0.8 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 0.0%L1Augmentation · 7.1%L2Partial delegation · 81.6%L3Full delegation · 11.4%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
72 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organize material and complete writing assignment according to set standards regarding order, clarity, conciseness, style, and terminology.Technical Writers | 4.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Maintain records and files of work and revisions.Technical Writers | 3.5% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 45 min | – |
| Select photographs, drawings, sketches, diagrams, and charts to illustrate material.Technical Writers | 3.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.3 h | Access to systems |
| Edit, standardize, or make changes to material prepared by other writers or establishment personnel.Technical Writers | 2.9% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 1.5 h | – |
| Assist in laying out material for publication.Technical Writers | 2.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 2.0 h | – |
| Interview production and engineering personnel and read journals and other material to become familiar with product technologies and production methods.Technical Writers | 2.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.3 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop or maintain online help documentation.Technical Writers | 2.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 71% | 3.3 h | Access to systems |
| Study drawings, specifications, mockups, and product samples to integrate and delineate technology, operating procedure, and production sequence and detail.Technical Writers | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Analyze developments in specific field to determine need for revisions in previously published materials and development of new material.Technical Writers | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Arrange for typing, duplication, and distribution of material.Technical Writers | 2.5% | L2 | L2L3 | 72% | 1.0 h | Access to systems |
| Review manufacturer's and trade catalogs, drawings and other data relative to operation, maintenance, and service of equipment.Technical Writers | 2.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 3.0 h | Access to systems |
| Observe production, developmental, and experimental activities to determine operating procedure and detail.Technical Writers | 2.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Review published materials and recommend revisions or changes in scope, format, content, and methods of reproduction and binding.Technical Writers | 2.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 2.5 h | – |
| Draw sketches to illustrate specified materials or assembly sequence.Technical Writers | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.5 h | – |
| Write fiction or nonfiction prose, such as short stories, novels, biographies, articles, descriptive or critical analyses, and essays.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 2.1% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 6.5 h | – |
Show the other 57 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Develop factors such as themes, plots, characterizations, psychological analyses, historical environments, action, and dialogue to create material.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 1.8% | L2 | L2L3 | 75% | 6.0 h | – |
| Choose subject matter and suitable form to express personal feelings and experiences or ideas, or to narrate stories or events.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.5 h | – |
| Revise written material to meet personal standards and to satisfy needs of clients, publishers, directors, or producers.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.0 h | Trust and care |
| Confer with customer representatives, vendors, plant executives, or publisher to establish technical specifications and to determine subject material to be developed for publication.Technical Writers | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 2.3 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write narrative, dramatic, lyric, or other types of poetry for publication.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers · supplemental task | 1.7% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 3.5 h | – |
| Conduct research to obtain factual information and authentic detail, using sources such as newspaper accounts, diaries, and interviews.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 4.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Read copy or proof to detect and correct errors in spelling, punctuation, and syntax.Editors | 1.4% | L3 | L3L3 | 90% | 45 min | – |
| Write words to fit musical compositions, including lyrics for operas, musical plays, and choral works.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers · supplemental task | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 5.5 h | – |
| Adapt text to accommodate musical requirements of composers and singers.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers · supplemental task | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 2.0 h | – |
| Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium.Writers and Authors | 1.3% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 38 min | – |
| Read, evaluate and edit manuscripts or other materials submitted for publication, and confer with authors regarding changes in content, style or organization, or publication.Editors | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Trust and care |
| Verify facts, dates, and statistics, using standard reference sources.Editors | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 1.3 h | Access to systems |
| Develop advertising campaigns for a wide range of clients, working with an advertising agency's creative director and art director to determine the best way to present advertising information.Writers and Authors | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 6.0 h | Trust and care |
| Plan project arrangements or outlines, and organize material accordingly.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 1.2% | L2 | L2L3 | 72% | 2.0 h | – |
| Prepare works in appropriate format for publication, and send them to publishers or producers.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 2.3 h | Access to systems |
| Monitor news-gathering operations to ensure utilization of all news sources, such as press releases, telephone contacts, radio, television, wire services, and other reporters.Editors · supplemental task | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare, rewrite and edit copy to improve readability, or supervise others who do this work.Editors | 1.2% | L3 | L3L3 | 82% | 1.3 h | – |
| Develop story or content ideas, considering reader or audience appeal.Editors | 1.2% | L2 | L2L3 | 75% | 1.1 h | – |
| Discuss with the client the product, advertising themes and methods, and any changes that should be made in advertising copy.Writers and Authors | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 1.0 h | Trust and care |
| Supervise and coordinate work of reporters and other editors.Editors | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Oversee publication production, including artwork, layout, computer typesetting, and printing, ensuring adherence to deadlines and budget requirements.Editors | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 9.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Present drafts and ideas to clients.Writers and Authors | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 1.0 h | Trust and care |
| Select local, state, national, and international news items received from wire services, based on assessment of items' significance and interest value.Editors · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 45 min | Access to systems |
| Confer with management and editorial staff members regarding placement and emphasis of developing news stories.Editors | 1.0% | L1 | L1L1 | 28% | 30 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with clients, editors, publishers, or producers to discuss changes or revisions to written material.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 52 min | Trust and care |
| Prepare works in appropriate format for publication, and send them to publishers or producers.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Revise written material to meet personal standards and to satisfy needs of clients, publishers, directors, or producers.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 3.0 h | Trust and care |
| Plan project arrangements or outlines, and organize material accordingly.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L3 | 70% | 2.5 h | – |
| Work with staff to develop script, story, or advertising concepts.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.5 h | Trust and care |
| Follow appropriate procedures to get copyrights for completed work.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Write advertising material for use by publication, broadcast, or internet media to promote the sale of goods and services.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L3 | 80% | 2.5 h | – |
| Write fiction or nonfiction prose, such as short stories, novels, biographies, articles, descriptive or critical analyses, and essays.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 6.5 h | – |
| Edit or rewrite existing written material as necessary, and submit written material for approval by supervisor, editor, or publisher.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L3 | 75% | 2.5 h | – |
| Consult with sales, media and marketing representatives to obtain information on product or service and discuss style and length of advertising written material.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.0 h | Access to systems |
| Conduct research to obtain factual information and authentic detail, using sources such as newspaper accounts, diaries, and interviews.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 5.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collaborate with other writers on specific projects.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 3.0 h | Trust and care |
| Write to customers in their terms and on their level so that the script, story, or advertisement message is more readily received.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 1.0% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 1.8 h | – |
| Plan the contents of publications according to the publication's style, editorial policy, and publishing requirements.Editors | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 2.5 h | Access to systems |
| Write text, such as stories, articles, editorials, or newsletters.Editors | 1.0% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 2.5 h | – |
| Write humorous material for publication, or for performances such as comedy routines, gags, and comedy shows.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 3.0 h | – |
| Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material.Writers and Authors | 0.9% | L2 | L2L3 | 82% | 2.5 h | – |
| Allocate print space for story text, photos, and illustrations according to space parameters and copy significance, using knowledge of layout principles.Editors · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 45 min | Access to systems |
| Review and approve proofs submitted by composing room prior to publication production.Editors | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 1.1 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Direct the policies and departments of newspapers, magazines and other publishing establishments.Editors · supplemental task | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 5.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assign topics, events and stories to individual writers or reporters for coverage.Editors | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 25 min | Trust and care |
| Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products.Writers and Authors | 0.8% | L2 | L3L2 | 75% | 4.0 h | – |
| Make manuscript acceptance or revision recommendations to the publisher.Editors · supplemental task | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.3 h | – |
| Meet frequently with artists, typesetters, layout personnel, marketing directors, and production managers to discuss projects and resolve problems.Editors | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Trust and care |
| Invent names for products and write the slogans that appear on packaging, brochures and other promotional material.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 3.0 h | – |
| Conduct research and interviews to determine which of a product's selling features should be promoted.Writers and Authors · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 7.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collaborate with other writers on specific projects.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 2.8 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Follow appropriate procedures to get copyrights for completed work.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Attend book launches and publicity events, or conduct public readings.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 0.5% | L1 | L1L1 | 11% | 2.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach writing classes.Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers · supplemental task | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 45% | 1.5 h | Trust and care |
| Arrange for copyright permissions.Editors · supplemental task | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 2.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Interview and hire writers and reporters or negotiate contracts, royalties, and payments for authors or freelancers.Editors · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 2.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Read material to determine index items and arrange them alphabetically or topically, indicating page or chapter location.Editors · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L3L2 | 80% | 5.0 h | – |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 92.9% | 90 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.792 | 97 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 1.094 | 82 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 44 | 34 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.681 | 98 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.338 | 94 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (26)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Economists 2631 | 94.5 | |
| Translators, interpreters and other linguists 2643 | 89.3 | |
| Philosophers, historians and political scientists 2633 | 88.4 | |
| Lawyers 2611 | 83.3 | |
| Journalists 2642 | 82.7 | |
| Legal professionals not elsewhere classified 2619 | 80.8 | |
| Announcers on radio, television and other media 2656 | 80.2 | |
| Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals 2632 | 76.4 | |
| Archivists and curators 2621 | 71.6 | |
| Film, stage and related directors and producers 2654 | 69.1 | |
| Psychologists 2634 | 66.1 | |
| Judges 2612 | 63.1 |
Dashed line: authors and related writers (92.9%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Authors and related writers (ISCO-08 2641), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2641
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Authors and related writers (ISCO-08 2641)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2641.json.