ISCO-08 2269
Health professionals not elsewhere classified
46.0%
ADI · 201st of 433 · 95% interval 38.2–54.1
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 46.0% of the task time of health professionals not elsewhere classified, and finish 0.1% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full46.0%
201st of 433 · interval 38.2–54.1
ADI3 · full delegation0.1%
196th of 433 · interval 0.0–0.4
ADIs · share of time37.5%
206th of 433 · interval 34.5–40.5
Evidence199
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 1.5 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 10.1%L1Augmentation · 43.9%L2Partial delegation · 45.8%L3Full delegation · 0.1%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
199 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Advise patients about treatments and foot care techniques necessary for prevention of future problems.Podiatrists | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 15 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose diseases and deformities of the foot using medical histories, physical examinations, x-rays, and laboratory test results.Podiatrists | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Treat bone, muscle, and joint disorders affecting the feet and ankles.Podiatrists | 1.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 16% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe medications, corrective devices, physical therapy, or surgery.Podiatrists | 1.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate the functioning of the neuromuscularskeletal system and the spine using systems of chiropractic diagnosis.Chiropractors | 1.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 22% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Perform a series of manual adjustments to the spine or other articulations of the body to correct the musculoskeletal system.Chiropractors | 1.3% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Surgically treat conditions such as corns, calluses, ingrown nails, tumors, shortened tendons, bunions, cysts, or abscesses.Podiatrists | 1.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain accurate case histories of patients.Chiropractors | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 28 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose health problems by reviewing patients' health and medical histories, questioning, observing, and examining patients and interpreting x-rays.Chiropractors | 1.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 25% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct patient in activities and techniques, such as sports, dance, music, art, or relaxation techniques, designed to meet their specific physical or psychological needs.Recreational Therapists | 1.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 22% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise patients about recommended courses of treatment.Chiropractors | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct therapy sessions to improve patients' mental and physical well-being.Recreational Therapists | 1.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 12% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Obtain and record patients' medical histories.Chiropractors | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 22 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe, analyze, and record patients' participation, reactions, and progress during treatment sessions, modifying treatment programs as needed.Recreational Therapists | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan, organize, direct, and participate in treatment programs and activities to facilitate patients' rehabilitation, help them integrate into the community, and prevent further medical problems.Recreational Therapists | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Show the other 184 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counsel patients about nutrition, exercise, sleeping habits, stress management, or other matters.Chiropractors | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Counsel and encourage patients to develop leisure activities.Recreational Therapists | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Complete and maintain necessary records.Occupational Therapists | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 25 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Encourage clients with special needs and circumstances to acquire new skills and get involved in health-promoting leisure activities, such as sports, games, arts and crafts, and gardening.Recreational Therapists | 1.0% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 52 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Obtain information from medical records, medical staff, family members and the patients, themselves, to assess patients' capabilities, needs and interests.Recreational Therapists | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.1 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with members of treatment team to plan and evaluate therapy programs.Recreational Therapists | 1.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 52 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to physicians when symptoms indicative of systemic disorders, such as arthritis or diabetes, are observed in feet and legs.Podiatrists | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop treatment plan to meet needs of patient, based on needs assessment, patient interests, and objectives of therapy.Recreational Therapists | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze x-rays to locate the sources of patients' difficulties and to rule out fractures or diseases as sources of problems.Chiropractors | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 15 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Correct deformities by means of plaster casts and strapping.Podiatrists | 0.9% | L0 | L0L0 | 5% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare and submit reports and charts to treatment team to reflect patients' reactions and evidence of progress or regression.Recreational Therapists | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Make and fit prosthetic appliances.Podiatrists | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 21% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan, organize, and conduct occupational therapy programs in hospital, institutional, or community settings to help rehabilitate persons with disabilities because of illness, injury or psychological or developmental problems.Occupational Therapists | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 4.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Select activities that will help individuals learn work and life-management skills within limits of their mental or physical capabilities.Occupational Therapists | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 52 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and implement programs and social activities to help patients learn work or school skills and adjust to handicaps.Occupational Therapists | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Test and evaluate patients' physical and mental abilities and analyze medical data to determine realistic rehabilitation goals for patients.Occupational Therapists | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach cane skills, including cane use with a guide, diagonal techniques, and two-point touches.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.8% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Discuss testing options and the associated risks, benefits and limitations with patients and families to assist them in making informed decisions.Genetic Counselors | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze genetic information to identify patients or families at risk for specific disorders or syndromes.Genetic Counselors | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide counseling to patient and family members by providing information, education, or reassurance.Genetic Counselors | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interpret laboratory results and communicate findings to patients or physicians.Genetic Counselors | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate patients' progress and prepare reports that detail progress.Occupational Therapists | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write detailed consultation reports to provide information on complex genetic concepts to patients or referring physicians.Genetic Counselors | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Interview patients or review medical records to obtain comprehensive patient or family medical histories, and document findings.Genetic Counselors | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 52 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Lay out materials such as puzzles, scissors and eating utensils for use in therapy, and clean and repair these tools after therapy sessions.Occupational Therapists | 0.8% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 20 min | Physical presence |
| Provide genetic counseling in specified areas of clinical genetics, such as obstetrics, pediatrics, oncology and neurology.Genetic Counselors | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Determine or coordinate treatment plans by requesting laboratory services, reviewing genetics or counseling literature, and considering histories or diagnostic data.Genetic Counselors | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Train clients to use tactile, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, and proprioceptive information.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.7% | L1 | L1L1 | 12% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Train clients with visual impairments to use mobility devices or systems, such as human guides, dog guides, electronic travel aids (ETAs), and other adaptive mobility devices (AMDs).Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.7% | L1 | L1L1 | 14% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe and document client reactions, progress, or other outcomes related to art therapy.Art Therapists | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write reports or complete forms to document assessments, training, progress, or follow-up outcomes.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 52 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Train caregivers in providing for the needs of a patient during and after therapy.Occupational Therapists | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Consult with rehabilitation team to select activity programs or coordinate occupational therapy with other therapeutic activities.Occupational Therapists | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 50 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct art therapy sessions, providing guided self-expression experiences to help clients recover from, or cope with, cognitive, emotional, or physical impairments.Art Therapists | 0.7% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Talk with clients during art or other therapy sessions to build rapport, acknowledge their progress, or reflect upon their reactions to the artistic process.Art Therapists | 0.7% | L1 | L1L1 | 10% | 48 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Provide patients with information about the inheritance of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and various forms of cancer.Genetic Counselors | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach clients to travel independently, using a variety of actual or simulated travel situations or exercises.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.7% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess patients' psychological or emotional needs, such as those relating to stress, fear of test results, financial issues, and marital conflicts to make referral recommendations or assist patients in managing test outcomes.Genetic Counselors | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop discharge plans for patients.Recreational Therapists | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design art therapy sessions or programs to meet client's goals or objectives.Art Therapists | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend changes in patients' work or living environments, consistent with their needs and capabilities.Occupational Therapists | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend and arrange for diagnostic procedures, such as blood chemistry tests, saliva tests, x-rays, or other imaging procedures.Chiropractors | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Consult with or refer patients to appropriate health practitioners when necessary.Chiropractors | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Select or prepare artistic media or related equipment or devices to accomplish therapy session objectives.Art Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess client needs or disorders, using drawing, painting, sculpting, or other artistic processes.Art Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write treatment plans, case summaries, or progress or other reports related to individual clients or client groups.Art Therapists | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 52 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Explain diagnostic procedures such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), ultrasound, fetal blood sampling, and amniocentesis.Genetic Counselors | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Perform administrative duties, such as hiring employees, ordering supplies, or keeping records.Podiatrists | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess clients' functioning in areas such as vision, orientation and mobility skills, social and emotional issues, cognition, physical abilities, and personal goals.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Sing or play musical instruments, such as keyboard, guitar, or percussion instruments.Music Therapists | 0.6% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 25 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Design or provide music therapy experiences to address client needs, such as using music for self-care, adjusting to life changes, improving cognitive functioning, raising self-esteem, communicating, or controlling impulses.Music Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design and create, or requisition, special supplies and equipment, such as splints, braces, and computer-aided adaptive equipment.Occupational Therapists | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 2.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design music therapy experiences, using various musical elements to meet client's goals or objectives.Music Therapists | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare or provide genetics-related educational materials to patients or medical personnel.Genetic Counselors | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.0 h | Trust and care |
| Teach self-advocacy skills to clients.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Teach independent living skills or techniques, such as adaptive eating, medication management, diabetes management, and personal management.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Help clients improve decision making, abstract reasoning, memory, sequencing, coordination, and perceptual skills, using computer programs.Occupational Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Communicate with clients to build rapport, acknowledge their progress, or reflect upon their reactions to musical experiences.Music Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 18% | 30 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Monitor clients' progress to determine whether changes in rehabilitation plans are needed.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interpret the artistic creations of clients to assess their functioning, needs, or progress.Art Therapists | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Educate the public about the benefits of foot care through techniques such as speaking engagements, advertising, and other forums.Podiatrists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop and participate in health promotion programs, group activities, or discussions to promote client health, facilitate social adjustment, alleviate stress, and prevent physical or mental disability.Occupational Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 2.3 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Develop rehabilitation or instructional plans collaboratively with clients, based on results of assessments, needs, and goals.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop individualized treatment plans that incorporate studio art therapy, counseling, or psychotherapy techniques.Art Therapists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Read current literature, talk with colleagues, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in genetics.Genetic Counselors | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.8 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend appropriate mobility devices or systems, such as human guides, dog guides, long canes, electronic travel aids (ETAs), and other adaptive mobility devices (AMDs).Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with other professionals on client's treatment team to develop, coordinate, or integrate treatment plans.Art Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 52 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe and document client reactions, progress, or other outcomes related to music therapy.Music Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 28 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide consultation, support, or education to groups such as parents and teachers.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Improvise instrumentally, vocally, or physically to meet client's therapeutic needs.Music Therapists | 0.5% | L0 | L1L0 | 8% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Train clients to use adaptive equipment, such as large print, reading stands, lamps, writing implements, software, and electronic devices.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Suggest and apply the use of supports such as straps, tapes, bandages, or braces if necessary.Chiropractors | 0.5% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 10 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Analyze or synthesize client data to draw conclusions or make recommendations for art therapy.Art Therapists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct individuals or groups in the use of art media, such as paint, clay, or yarn.Art Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Identify visual impairments related to basic life skills in areas such as self care, literacy, communication, health management, home management, and meal preparation.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.1 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Customize treatment programs for specific areas of music therapy, such as intellectual or developmental disabilities, educational settings, geriatrics, medical settings, mental health, physical disabilities, or wellness.Music Therapists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Document evaluations, treatment plans, case summaries, or progress or other reports related to individual clients or client groups.Music Therapists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 45 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Plan or structure music therapy sessions to achieve appropriate transitions, pacing, sequencing, energy level, or intensity in accordance with treatment plans.Music Therapists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to specialists or community resources.Genetic Counselors | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess client functioning levels, strengths, and areas of need in terms of perceptual, sensory, affective, communicative, musical, physical, cognitive, social, spiritual, or other abilities.Music Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise on health risks in the workplace or on health-related transition to retirement.Occupational Therapists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Integrate behavioral, developmental, improvisational, medical, or neurological approaches into music therapy treatments.Music Therapists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Engage clients in music experiences to identify client responses to different styles of music, types of musical experiences, such as improvising or listening, or elements of music, such as tempo or harmony.Music Therapists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 14% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Communicate client assessment findings and recommendations in oral, written, audio, video, or other forms.Art Therapists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 1.1 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish goals or objectives for art therapy sessions in consultation with clients or site administrators.Art Therapists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide training and supervision in therapy techniques and objectives for students or nurses and other medical staff.Occupational Therapists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design instructional programs to improve communication, using devices such as slates and styluses, braillers, keyboards, adaptive handwriting devices, talking book machines, digital books, and optical character readers (OCRs).Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Customize art therapy programs for specific client populations, such as those in schools, nursing homes, wellness centers, prisons, shelters, or hospitals.Art Therapists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise staff, volunteers, practicum students, or interns.Art Therapists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Gather client information from sources such as case documentation, client observation, or interviews of client or family members.Art Therapists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 35% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Treat deformities using mechanical methods, such as whirlpool or paraffin baths, and electrical methods, such as short wave and low voltage currents.Podiatrists · supplemental task | 0.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 5% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collaborate with specialists, such as rehabilitation counselors, speech pathologists, and occupational therapists, to provide client solutions.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish client goals or objectives for music therapy treatment, considering client needs, capabilities, interests, overall therapeutic program, coordination of treatment, or length of treatment.Music Therapists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Obtain, distribute, or maintain low vision devices.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Gather diagnostic data from sources such as case documentation, observations of clients, or interviews with clients or family members.Music Therapists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate or make recommendations for standards of care or clinical operations, ensuring compliance with applicable regulations, ethics, legislation, or policies.Genetic Counselors | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Select or adapt musical instruments, musical equipment, or non-musical materials, such as adaptive devices or visual aids, to meet treatment objectives.Music Therapists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 52 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Train clients to read or write Braille.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists · supplemental task | 0.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 25% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Administer tests and interpret test results to develop rehabilitation plans for clients.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists · supplemental task | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Compose, arrange, or adapt music for music therapy treatments.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.3 h | Trust and care |
| Participate in professional development activities, such as reading literature, continuing education, attending conferences, and collaborating with colleagues.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Communicate client assessment findings and recommendations in oral, written, audio, video, or other forms.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform diagnostic tests or measurements, such as motor testing, visual acuity testing, lensometry, retinoscopy, and color vision testing.Orthoptists | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 35 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine patients with problems related to ocular motility, binocular vision, amblyopia, or strabismus.Orthoptists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 14% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate, diagnose, or treat disorders of the visual system with an emphasis on binocular vision or abnormal eye movements.Orthoptists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with professionals on client's treatment team to develop, coordinate, or integrate treatment plans.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide instructions to patients or family members concerning diagnoses or treatment plans.Orthoptists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 20 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Provide nonsurgical interventions, including corrective lenses, patches, drops, fusion exercises, or stereograms, to treat conditions such as strabismus, heterophoria, and convergence insufficiency.Orthoptists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interpret clinical or diagnostic test results.Orthoptists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 20 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Supervise staff, volunteers, practicum students, or interns engaged in music therapy activities.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Apply current technology to music therapy practices.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer clients to services, such as eye care, health care, rehabilitation, and counseling, to enhance visual and life functioning or when condition exceeds scope of practice.Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct research in occupational therapy.Occupational Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 24 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Document patients' histories, including identifying data, chief complaints, illnesses, previous medical or family histories, or psychosocial characteristics.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interview patients to document symptoms and health histories.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 50 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend or purchase needed art supplies or equipment.Art Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L3 | 72% | 1.0 h | Access to systems |
| Develop nonsurgical treatment plans for patients with conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, and other visual disorders.Orthoptists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Educate patients about health care management.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Advise patients about therapeutic exercise and nutritional medicine regimens.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Teach art therapy techniques or processes to artists, interns, volunteers, or others.Art Therapists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Administer, dispense, or prescribe natural medicines, such as food or botanical extracts, herbs, dietary supplements, vitamins, nutraceuticals, and amino acids.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review research or literature in art therapy, psychology, or related disciplines.Art Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 2.8 h | Access to systems |
| Design and conduct genetics training programs for physicians, graduate students, other health professions or the general community.Genetic Counselors | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 8.0 h | Trust and care |
| Develop or use special test and communication techniques to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of children or patients with disabilities.Orthoptists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Engage in research activities related to the field of medical genetics or genetic counseling.Genetic Counselors | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Analyze data to determine the effectiveness of treatments or therapy approaches.Art Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Analyze or synthesize client data to draw conclusions or make recommendations for therapy.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.1 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Apply selected research findings to practice.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collaborate with others to design or implement interdisciplinary treatment programs.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose health conditions, based on patients' symptoms and health histories, laboratory and diagnostic radiology test results, or other physiological measurements, such as electrocardiograms and electroencephalographs.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct physical examinations and physiological function tests for diagnostic purposes.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Photograph or videotape client artwork for inclusion in client records or for promotional purposes.Art Therapists · supplemental task | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain and follow standard quality, safety, environmental, and infection control policies and procedures.Acupuncturists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Treat patients using tools, such as needles, cups, ear balls, seeds, pellets, or nutritional supplements.Acupuncturists | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify correct anatomical and proportional point locations based on patients' anatomy and positions, contraindications, and precautions related to treatments, such as intradermal needles, moxibustion, electricity, guasha, or bleeding.Acupuncturists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 15 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Insert needles to provide acupuncture treatment.Acupuncturists | 0.3% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify and respond to emergency physical or mental health situations.Music Therapists | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 32 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Adhere to local, state, and federal laws, regulations, and statutes.Acupuncturists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Develop individual treatment plans and strategies.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 42 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze data to determine the effectiveness of specific treatments or therapy approaches.Music Therapists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.0 h | Access to systems |
| Administer treatments or therapies, such as homeopathy, hydrotherapy, Oriental or Ayurvedic medicine, electrotherapy, and diathermy, using physical agents including air, heat, cold, water, sound, or ultraviolet light to catalyze the body to heal itself.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Collect for, or share with, research projects patient data on specific genetic disorders or syndromes.Genetic Counselors | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain detailed and complete records of health care plans and prognoses.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 20 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Evaluate treatment outcomes and recommend new or altered treatments as necessary to further promote, restore, or maintain health.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collect medical histories and general health and lifestyle information from patients.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess patients' general physical appearance to make diagnoses.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L0 | L1L0 | 10% | 12 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess the risks and benefits of treatment termination for clients.Music Therapists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Educate patients on topics, such as meditation, ergonomics, stretching, exercise, nutrition, the healing process, breathing, or relaxation techniques.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Analyze physical findings and medical histories to make diagnoses according to Oriental medicine traditions.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 42 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Provide patients with assistance in locating or holding jobs.Occupational Therapists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct information sharing sessions, such as in-service workshops for other professionals, potential client groups, or the general community.Art Therapists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.3 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Participate in continuing education.Music Therapists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 5.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide training related to clinical methods or orthoptics to students, resident physicians, or other health professionals.Orthoptists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Collaborate with ophthalmologists, optometrists, or other specialists in the diagnosis, treatment, or management of conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, and retinal diseases.Orthoptists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to ophthalmic surgeons or other physicians.Orthoptists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Consider Western medical procedures in health assessment, health care team communication, and care referrals.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare diagnostic or treatment reports for other medical practitioners or therapists.Orthoptists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Adapt existing or develop new music therapy assessment instruments or procedures to meet an individual client's needs.Music Therapists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 2.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Consult with other health professionals to provide optimal patient care, referring patients to traditional health care professionals as necessary.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Apply heat or cold therapy to patients using materials, such as heat pads, hydrocollator packs, warm compresses, cold compresses, heat lamps, or vapor coolants.Acupuncturists | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 15 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Obtain medical records from previous physicians or other health care providers for the purpose of patient evaluation.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 45 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct information sharing sessions, such as in-service workshops for other professionals, potential client groups, or the general community.Music Therapists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 35% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Order diagnostic imaging procedures such as radiographs (x-rays), ultrasounds, mammograms, and bone densitometry tests, or refer patients to other health professionals for these procedures.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 11 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Identify funding sources and write grant proposals for eligible programs or services.Genetic Counselors | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 10 h | Access to systems |
| Treat medical conditions, using techniques such as acupressure, shiatsu, or tuina.Acupuncturists | 0.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Assist ophthalmologists in diagnostic ophthalmic procedures, such as ultrasonography, fundus photography, and tonometry.Orthoptists | 0.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct periodic public health maintenance activities such as immunizations and screenings for diseases and disease risk factors.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Dispense herbal formulas and inform patients of dosages and frequencies, treatment duration, possible side effects, and drug interactions.Acupuncturists | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 15 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Formulate herbal preparations to treat conditions considering herbal properties, such as taste, toxicity, effects of preparation, contraindications, and incompatibilities.Acupuncturists | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability |
| Maintain professional development through activities such as postgraduate education, continuing education, preceptorships, and residency programs.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 5.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe synthetic drugs under the supervision of medical doctors or within the allowances of regulatory bodies.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 22 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform mobilizations and high-velocity adjustments to joints or soft tissues, using principles of massage, stretching, or resistance.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Coordinate art showcases to display artwork produced by clients.Art Therapists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 7.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct, or assist in the conduct of, music therapy research.Music Therapists | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 7.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Apply moxibustion directly or indirectly to patients using Chinese, non-scarring, stick, or pole moxa.Acupuncturists | 0.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 3% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Perform venipuncture or skin pricking to collect blood samples.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 12 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Monitor updates from public health agencies to keep abreast of health trends.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.1% | L3 | L3L3 | 88% | 45 min | – |
| Coordinate field trips for client groups to museums or other public displays of art.Art Therapists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in clinical research projects.Orthoptists | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 5.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform minor surgical procedures, such as removing warts, moles, or cysts, sampling tissues for skin cancer or lipomas, and applying or removing sutures.Naturopathic Physicians · supplemental task | 0.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 3% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Treat minor cuts, abrasions, or contusions.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Present or publish scientific papers.Orthoptists | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 7.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Report patterns of patients' health conditions, such as disease status and births, to public health agencies.Naturopathic Physicians | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 45 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Perform vision screening of children in schools or community health centers.Orthoptists | 0.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 18% | 2.1 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile |
|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 46.0% | 54 |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.358 | 54 |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 0.377 | 62 |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 53.355 | 45 |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.187 | 53 |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.017 | 46 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (22)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Dieticians and nutritionists 2265 | 87.0 | |
| Pharmacists 2262 | 77.6 | |
| Environmental and occupational health and hygiene professionals 2263 | 69.5 | |
| Generalist medical practitioners 2211 | 56.2 | |
| Specialist medical practitioners 2212 | 52.9 | |
| Traditional and complementary medicine professionals 2230 | 47.8 | |
| Audiologists and speech therapists 2266 | 47.0 | |
| Physiotherapists 2264 | 46.7 | |
| Nursing professionals 2221 | 44.4 | |
| Paramedical practitioners 2240 | 35.6 | |
| Midwifery professionals 2222 | 33.7 | |
| Optometrists and ophthalmic opticians 2267 | 30.7 |
Dashed line: health professionals not elsewhere classified (46.0%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Health professionals not elsewhere classified (ISCO-08 2269), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2269
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Health professionals not elsewhere classified (ISCO-08 2269)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2269.json.