ISCO-08 3422
Sports coaches, instructors and officials
46.3%
ADI · 200th of 433 · 95% interval 32.5–60.5
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 46.3% of the task time of sports coaches, instructors and officials, and finish 0.4% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full46.3%
200th of 433 · interval 32.5–60.5
ADI3 · full delegation0.4%
184th of 433 · interval 0.0–1.0
ADIs · share of time38.7%
195th of 433 · interval 31.8–45.8
Evidence73
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 3.8 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 16.3%L1Augmentation · 37.5%L2Partial delegation · 45.9%L3Full delegation · 0.4%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
73 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resolve claims of rule infractions or complaints by participants and assess any necessary penalties, according to regulations.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 3.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Officiate at sporting events, games, or competitions, to maintain standards of play and to ensure that game rules are observed.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 3.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Start races and competitions.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials · supplemental task | 3.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 8 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct participants to assigned areas, such as starting blocks or penalty areas.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials · supplemental task | 3.3% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 2 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Judge performances in sporting competitions to award points, impose scoring penalties, and determine results.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials · supplemental task | 3.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Verify scoring calculations before competition winners are announced.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials · supplemental task | 3.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 25 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Signal participants or other officials to make them aware of infractions or to otherwise regulate play or competition.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 3.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 2 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Inspect game sites for compliance with regulations or safety requirements.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 3.0% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Keep track of event times, including race times and elapsed time during game segments, starting or stopping play when necessary.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials · supplemental task | 3.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Inspect sporting equipment or examine participants to ensure compliance with event and safety regulations.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 3.0% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Compile scores and other athletic records.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials · supplemental task | 2.8% | L2 | L2L3 | 80% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Verify credentials of participants in sporting events, and make other qualifying determinations, such as starting order or handicap number.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials · supplemental task | 2.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Confer with other sporting officials, coaches, players, and facility managers to provide information, coordinate activities, and discuss problems.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 2.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 20 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan, organize, and conduct practice sessions.Coaches and Scouts | 2.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Provide training direction, encouragement, motivation, and nutritional advice to prepare athletes for games, competitive events, or tours.Coaches and Scouts | 2.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
Show the other 58 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instruct individuals or groups in sports rules, game strategies, and performance principles, such as specific ways of moving the body, hands, or feet, to achieve desired results.Coaches and Scouts | 2.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Adjust coaching techniques, based on the strengths and weaknesses of athletes.Coaches and Scouts | 2.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 2.1% | L2 | L2L3 | 68% | 1.3 h | Trust and care |
| Plan strategies and choose team members for individual games or sports seasons.Coaches and Scouts | 2.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 4.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor athletes' use of equipment to ensure safe and proper use.Coaches and Scouts | 2.0% | L1 | L1L1 | 12% | 52 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of opposing teams to develop game strategies.Coaches and Scouts | 2.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Evaluate athletes' skills and review performance records to determine their fitness and potential in a particular area of athletics.Coaches and Scouts | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and direct physical conditioning programs that will enable athletes to achieve maximum performance.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Counsel student athletes on academic, athletic, and personal issues.Coaches and Scouts | 1.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Identify and recruit potential athletes by sending recruitment letters, meeting with recruits, and arranging and offering incentives, such as athletic scholarships.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 5.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Report to regulating organizations regarding sporting activities, complaints made, and actions taken or needed, such as fines or other disciplinary actions.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.1 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Research and study players and teams to anticipate issues that might arise in future engagements.Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials · supplemental task | 1.8% | L2 | L2L3 | 75% | 2.5 h | – |
| Teach instructional courses and advise students.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Explain and enforce safety rules and regulations.Coaches and Scouts | 1.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 30 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Serve as organizer, leader, instructor, or referee for outdoor and indoor games, such as volleyball, football, and soccer.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.7% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Keep and review paper, computerized, and video records of athlete, team, and opposing team performance.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Coordinate travel arrangements and travel with team to away contests.Coaches and Scouts | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor the academic eligibility of student athletes.Coaches and Scouts | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Keep abreast of changing rules, techniques, technologies, and philosophies relevant to their sport.Coaches and Scouts | 1.6% | L2 | L2L3 | 72% | 2.5 h | – |
| Hire, supervise, and work with extended coaching staff.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Explain and demonstrate the use of sports and training equipment, such as trampolines or weights.Coaches and Scouts | 1.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 45 min | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Contact the parents of players to provide information and answer questions.Coaches and Scouts | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 20 min | Trust and care |
| File scouting reports that detail player assessments, provide recommendations on athlete recruitment, and identify locations and individuals to be targeted for future recruitment efforts.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop and arrange competition schedules and programs.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Arrange and conduct sports-related activities, such as training camps, skill-improvement courses, clinics, and pre-season try-outs.Coaches and Scouts | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 8.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Select, acquire, store, and issue equipment and other materials as necessary.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Oversee the development and management of the sports program budget and fundraising activities.Coaches and Scouts · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform activities that support a team or a specific sport, such as participating in community outreach activities, meeting with media representatives, and appearing at fundraising events.Coaches and Scouts | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Instruct students individually and in groups, using various teaching methods, such as lectures, discussions, and demonstrations.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students' varying needs and interests.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare students for further development by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 25% | 1.0 h | Trust and care |
| Monitor students' performance to make suggestions for improvement and to ensure that they satisfy course standards, training requirements, and objectives.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe students to determine qualifications, limitations, abilities, interests, and other individual characteristics.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 38 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects and communicate those objectives to students.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 38 min | Access to systems |
| Assign and grade class work and homework.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 1.3 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain accurate and complete student records as required by administrative policy.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Enforce policies and rules governing students.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 22 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 1.1 h | Physical presence |
| Conduct classes, workshops, and demonstrations, and provide individual instruction to teach topics and skills, such as cooking, dancing, writing, physical fitness, photography, personal finance, and flying.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Instruct and monitor students in the use and care of equipment and materials to prevent injury and damage.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 20% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration, and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question, and investigate.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Prepare instructional program objectives, outlines, and lesson plans.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 2.5 h | – |
| Prepare and administer written, oral, and performance tests, and issue grades in accordance with performance.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Use computers, audio-visual aids, and other equipment and materials to supplement presentations.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.1 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Meet with other instructors to discuss individual students and their progress.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 38 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with other teachers and professionals to plan and schedule lessons promoting learning and development.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Schedule class times to ensure maximum attendance.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.5 h | Access to systems |
| Review instructional content, methods, and student evaluations to assess strengths and weaknesses, and to develop recommendations for course revision, development, or elimination.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Observe and evaluate the performance of other instructors.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.4 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Organize and supervise games and other recreational activities to promote physical, mental, and social development.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare and implement remedial programs for students requiring extra help.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Meet with parents and guardians to discuss their children's progress and to determine their priorities for their children.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 35 min | Trust and care |
| Plan and supervise class projects, field trips, visits by guest speakers, contests, or other experiential activities, and guide students in learning from those activities.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 7.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in publicity planning and student recruitment.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Select, order, and issue books, materials, and supplies for courses or projects.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 1.5 h | Access to systems |
| Attend staff meetings and serve on committees, as required.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Attend professional meetings, conferences, and workshops to maintain and improve professional competence.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Write instructional articles on designated subjects.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 0.1% | L3 | L3L3 | 89% | 3.5 h | – |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile |
|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 46.3% | 54 |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.32 | 51 |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 0.079 | 53 |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 52.231 | 42 |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.119 | 42 |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.005 | 36 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (34)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Legal and related associate professionals 3411 | 70.3 | |
| Interior designers and decorators 3432 | 68.5 | |
| Religious associate professionals 3413 | 60.0 | |
| Chefs 3434 | 51.7 | |
| Social work associate professionals 3412 | 49.7 | |
| Fitness and recreation instructors and program leaders 3423 | 45.4 | |
| Gallery, museum and library technicians 3433 | 41.5 | |
| Photographers 3431 | 36.2 | |
| Other artistic and cultural associate professionals 3435 | 25.7 | |
| Athletes and sports players 3421 | 0.0 |
Dashed line: sports coaches, instructors and officials (46.3%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Sports coaches, instructors and officials (ISCO-08 3422), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/3422
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Sports coaches, instructors and officials (ISCO-08 3422)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/3422.json.