ISCO-08 3411
Legal and related associate professionals
70.3%
ADI · 135th of 433 · 95% interval 60.4–80.0
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 70.3% of the task time of legal and related associate professionals, and finish 2.3% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full70.3%
135th of 433 · interval 60.4–80.0
ADI3 · full delegation2.3%
112th of 433 · interval 0.0–5.9
ADIs · share of time49.2%
129th of 433 · interval 43.5–54.5
Evidence83
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 2.6 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 16.2%L1Augmentation · 13.5%L2Partial delegation · 68.0%L3Full delegation · 2.3%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
83 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prepare affidavits or other documents, such as legal correspondence, and organize and maintain documents in paper or electronic filing system.Paralegals and Legal Assistants | 2.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare, edit, or review legal documents, including legislation, briefs, pleadings, appeals, wills, contracts, and real estate closing statements.Paralegals and Legal Assistants | 2.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Write reports or case summaries to document investigations.Private Detectives and Investigators | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct private investigations on a paid basis.Private Detectives and Investigators | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 25 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court.Judicial Law Clerks | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Investigate facts and law of cases and search pertinent sources, such as public records and internet sources, to determine causes of action and to prepare cases.Paralegals and Legal Assistants | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations.Judicial Law Clerks | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 4.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Search computer databases, credit reports, public records, tax or legal filings, or other resources to locate persons or to compile information for investigations.Private Detectives and Investigators | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Screen persons entering courthouse using magnetometers, x-ray machines, and other devices to collect and retain unauthorized firearms and other contraband.Bailiffs | 1.9% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 6 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Gather and analyze research data, such as statutes, decisions, and legal articles, codes, and documents.Paralegals and Legal Assistants | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 2.5 h | Access to systems |
| Escort prisoners to and from courthouse and maintain custody of prisoners during court proceedings.Bailiffs | 1.8% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 2.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Meet with clients and other professionals to discuss details of cases.Paralegals and Legal Assistants | 1.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations.Judicial Law Clerks | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief.Judicial Law Clerks | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| File pleadings with court clerks.Paralegals and Legal Assistants · supplemental task | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
Show the other 68 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conduct personal background investigations, such as pre-employment checks, to obtain information about an individual's character, financial status, or personal history.Private Detectives and Investigators | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Enforce courtroom rules of behavior and warn persons not to smoke or disturb court procedure.Bailiffs | 1.6% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 8 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with judges concerning legal questions, construction of documents, or granting of orders.Judicial Law Clerks | 1.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide security by patrolling interior and exterior of courthouse and escorting judges and other court employees.Bailiffs | 1.6% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 4.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgments, easements, plat books, maps, contracts, and agreements to verify factors such as properties' legal descriptions, ownership, or restrictions.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide assistance to the public, such as directions to court offices.Bailiffs | 1.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 6 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine individual titles to determine if restrictions, such as delinquent taxes, will affect titles and limit property use.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Obtain and analyze information on suspects, crimes, or disturbances to solve cases, to identify criminal activity, or to gather information for court cases.Private Detectives and Investigators | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 6.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Question persons to obtain evidence for cases of divorce, child custody, or missing persons or information about individuals' character or financial status.Private Detectives and Investigators | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 2.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Announce entrance of judge.Bailiffs | 1.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 1 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Maintain court docket.Bailiffs · supplemental task | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 52 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare reports describing any title encumbrances encountered during searching activities and outlining actions needed to clear titles.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Copy or summarize recorded documents, such as mortgages, trust deeds, and contracts, that affect property titles.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 52 min | Access to systems |
| Prepare for trial by performing tasks such as organizing exhibits.Paralegals and Legal Assistants | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Direct and coordinate law office activity, including delivery of subpoenas.Paralegals and Legal Assistants · supplemental task | 1.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare lists of all legal instruments applying to a specific piece of land and the buildings on it.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Expose fraudulent insurance claims or stolen funds.Private Detectives and Investigators | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 13 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop and maintain log of surveillance observations.Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Monitor establishment activities to ensure adherence to all state gaming regulations and company policies and procedures.Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators | 1.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 4.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe casino or casino hotel operations for irregular activities, such as cheating or theft by employees or patrons, using audio and video equipment and one-way mirrors.Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 4.4 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Observe and document activities of individuals to detect unlawful acts or to obtain evidence for cases, using binoculars and still or video cameras.Private Detectives and Investigators | 1.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 15% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Check courtroom for security and cleanliness and assure availability of sundry supplies, such as notepads, for use by judge, jurors, and attorneys.Bailiffs | 1.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Arbitrate disputes between parties and assist in the real estate closing process, such as by reviewing title searches.Paralegals and Legal Assistants · supplemental task | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Read search requests to ascertain types of title evidence required and to obtain descriptions of properties and names of involved parties.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.2% | L3 | L3L3 | 88% | 18 min | – |
| Report all violations and suspicious behaviors to supervisors, verbally or in writing.Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Verify accuracy and completeness of land-related documents accepted for registration, preparing rejection notices when documents are not acceptable.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 40 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare and issue title commitments and title insurance policies, based on information compiled from title searches.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers · supplemental task | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Obtain maps or drawings delineating properties from company title plants, county surveyors, or assessors' offices.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 45 min | Access to systems |
| Inspect and monitor audio or video surveillance equipment to ensure it is working appropriately.Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Review video surveillance footage.Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.4 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Maintain order in courtroom during trial and guard jury from outside contact.Bailiffs | 1.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 6.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with realtors, lending institution personnel, buyers, sellers, contractors, surveyors, and courthouse personnel to exchange title-related information or to resolve problems.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 30 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Act as oversight or security agents for management or customers.Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 4.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Enter information into computerized court calendar, filing, or case management systems.Judicial Law Clerks · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 15 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Enter into record-keeping systems appropriate data needed to create new title records or to update existing ones.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.1% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 22 min | Access to systems |
| Direct activities of workers who search records and examine titles, assigning, scheduling, and evaluating work, and providing technical guidance as necessary.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.4 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Investigate companies' financial standings, or locate funds stolen by embezzlers, using accounting skills.Private Detectives and Investigators · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 8.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Alert appropriate personnel to suspects' locations.Private Detectives and Investigators · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 22 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Retrieve and examine real estate closing files for accuracy and to ensure that information included is recorded and executed according to regulations.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 1.4 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Confer with establishment officials, security departments, police, or postal officials to identify problems, provide information, or receive instructions.Private Detectives and Investigators | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 45 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Appraise and inventory real and personal property for estate planning.Paralegals and Legal Assistants · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Review dockets of pending litigation to ensure adequate progress.Judicial Law Clerks | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.2 h | Access to systems |
| Attend court sessions to hear oral arguments or record necessary case information.Judicial Law Clerks | 0.9% | L1 | L2L1 | 32% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Verify that all files, complaints, or other papers are available and in the proper order.Judicial Law Clerks · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 45 min | Access to systems |
| Arrest persons in court when arrest warrants have been issued.Bailiffs | 0.9% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Respond to questions from judicial officers or court staff on general legal issues.Judicial Law Clerks | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 1.1 h | Accountability |
| Screen, control, and handle evidence and exhibits during court proceedings.Bailiffs | 0.9% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 1.4 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Keep abreast of changes in the law and inform judges when cases are affected by such changes.Judicial Law Clerks | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 2.0 h | Access to systems |
| Stop people from entering courtroom while judge charges jury.Bailiffs | 0.8% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Communicate with counsel regarding case management or procedural requirements.Judicial Law Clerks | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 25 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Guard lodging of sequestered jury.Bailiffs | 0.8% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 9.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Count cash and review transactions, sales checks, or register tapes to verify amounts or to identify shortages.Private Detectives and Investigators · supplemental task | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.4 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Assess fees related to registration of property-related documents.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers · supplemental task | 0.7% | L2 | L3L2 | 78% | 18 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Testify at hearings or court trials to present evidence.Private Detectives and Investigators | 0.7% | L1 | L1L1 | 10% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform undercover operations, such as evaluating the performance or honesty of employees by posing as customers or employees.Private Detectives and Investigators · supplemental task | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 24% | 5.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Determine whether land-related documents can be registered under the relevant legislation, such as the Land Titles Act.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers · supplemental task | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 52 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Coordinate judges' meeting and appointment schedules.Judicial Law Clerks · supplemental task | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 28 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide jury escort to restaurant and other areas outside of courtroom to prevent jury contact with public.Bailiffs · supplemental task | 0.7% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Report need for police or medical assistance to sheriff's office.Bailiffs | 0.7% | L1 | L2L1 | 35% | 4 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Call upon witnesses to testify at hearings.Paralegals and Legal Assistants · supplemental task | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Summarize pertinent legal or insurance details, or sections of statutes or case law from reference books for use in examinations or as proofs or ready reference.Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers · supplemental task | 0.7% | L2 | L3L2 | 78% | 52 min | Access to systems |
| Supervise or train surveillance observers.Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in conferences or discussions between trial attorneys and judges.Judicial Law Clerks · supplemental task | 0.6% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Keep and monitor legal volumes to ensure that the law library is up-to-date.Paralegals and Legal Assistants · supplemental task | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.4 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Prepare periodic reports on court proceedings, as required.Judicial Law Clerks · supplemental task | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 2.3 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Supervise law students, volunteers, or other personnel assigned to the court.Judicial Law Clerks · supplemental task | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain judges' law libraries by assembling or updating appropriate documents.Judicial Law Clerks · supplemental task | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 1.8 h | Access to systems |
| Perform courtroom duties, including calling calendars, administering oaths, and swearing in jury panels and witnesses.Judicial Law Clerks · supplemental task | 0.3% | L0 | L0L0 | 5% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 70.3% | 69 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.443 | 67 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 0.876 | 72 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 48.727 | 38 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.35 | 73 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.078 | 68 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (34)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Interior designers and decorators 3432 | 68.5 | |
| Religious associate professionals 3413 | 60.0 | |
| Chefs 3434 | 51.7 | |
| Social work associate professionals 3412 | 49.7 | |
| Sports coaches, instructors and officials 3422 | 46.3 | |
| Fitness and recreation instructors and program leaders 3423 | 45.4 | |
| Gallery, museum and library technicians 3433 | 41.5 | |
| Photographers 3431 | 36.2 | |
| Other artistic and cultural associate professionals 3435 | 25.7 | |
| Athletes and sports players 3421 | 0.0 |
Dashed line: legal and related associate professionals (70.3%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Legal and related associate professionals (ISCO-08 3411), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/3411
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Legal and related associate professionals (ISCO-08 3411)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/3411.json.