ISCO-08 2211
Generalist medical practitioners
56.2%
ADI · 166th of 433 · 95% interval 49.3–63.0
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 56.2% of the task time of generalist medical practitioners, and finish 0.2% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full56.2%
166th of 433 · interval 49.3–63.0
ADI3 · full delegation0.2%
193rd of 433 · interval 0.0–0.7
ADIs · share of time41.2%
181st of 433 · interval 39.3–43.1
Evidence300
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 4.3 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 6.9%L1Augmentation · 36.8%L2Partial delegation · 56.1%L3Full delegation · 0.2%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
300 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prescribe or administer treatment, therapy, medication, vaccination, and other specialized medical care to treat or prevent illness, disease, or injury.Family Medicine Physicians | 1.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collect, record, and maintain patient information, such as medical history, reports, or examination results.Family Medicine Physicians | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Order, perform, and interpret tests and analyze records, reports, and examination information to diagnose patients' condition.Family Medicine Physicians | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients.Family Medicine Physicians | 1.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 14 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor patients' conditions and progress and reevaluate treatments as necessary.Family Medicine Physicians | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, and disease prevention.Family Medicine Physicians | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 14 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct and coordinate activities of nurses, students, assistants, specialists, therapists, and other medical staff.Family Medicine Physicians | 1.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe or administer treatment, therapy, medication, vaccination, and other specialized medical care to treat or prevent illness, disease, or injury in infants and children.Pediatricians, General | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine children regularly to assess their growth and development.Pediatricians, General | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Treat children who have minor illnesses, acute and chronic health problems, and growth and development concerns.Pediatricians, General | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 28 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collect, record, and maintain patient information, such as medical history, reports, or examination results.Pediatricians, General | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise patients, parents or guardians, and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, and disease prevention.Pediatricians, General | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 20 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate work with nurses, social workers, rehabilitation therapists, pharmacists, psychologists, and other health care providers.Family Medicine Physicians | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine patients or order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests to obtain information on medical condition and determine diagnosis.Pediatricians, General | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to medical specialists or other practitioners when necessary.Family Medicine Physicians | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 15 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
Show the other 285 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients and parents or guardians.Pediatricians, General | 0.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor patients' conditions and progress and reevaluate treatments as necessary.Pediatricians, General | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze records, reports, test results, or examination information to diagnose medical condition of patient.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prescribe or administer medication, therapy, and other specialized medical care to treat or prevent illness, disease, or injury.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Manage and treat common health problems, such as infections, influenza or pneumonia, as well as serious, chronic, and complex illnesses, in adolescents, adults, and the elderly.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 16 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Treat internal disorders, such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, or problems of the lung, brain, kidney, or gastrointestinal tract.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct and coordinate activities of nurses, students, assistants, specialists, therapists, and other medical staff.Pediatricians, General | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and execute medical care programs to aid in the mental and physical growth and development of children and adolescents.Pediatricians, General | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collect, record, and maintain patient information, such as medical history, reports, or examination results.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor patients' conditions and progress and reevaluate treatments as necessary.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, and disease prevention.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Provide and manage long-term, comprehensive medical care, including diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of diseases, for adult patients in an office or hospital.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patient to medical specialist or other practitioner when necessary.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 15 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patient to medical specialist or other practitioner when necessary.Pediatricians, General | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Make diagnoses when different illnesses occur together or in situations where the diagnosis may be obscure.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 45% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct or manage prevention programs in specialty areas such as aerospace, occupational, infectious disease, and environmental medicine.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct and coordinate activities of nurses, students, assistants, specialists, therapists, and other medical staff.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise or coordinate the work of physicians, nurses, statisticians, or other professional staff members.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Immunize patients to protect them from preventable diseases.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 22% | 12 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe medications or treatment regimens to hospital inpatients.Hospitalists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 15 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose, treat, or provide continuous care to hospital inpatients.Hospitalists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 4.4 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine microscopic samples to identify diseases or other abnormalities.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Design or use surveillance tools, such as screening, lab reports, and vital records, to identify health risks.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Plan, implement, or administer health programs or standards in hospitals, businesses, or communities for prevention or treatment of injury or illness.Family Medicine Physicians | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose diseases or study medical conditions, using techniques such as gross pathology, histology, cytology, cytopathology, clinical chemistry, immunology, flow cytometry, or molecular biology.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 35% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Order or interpret the results of tests such as laboratory tests and radiographs (x-rays).Hospitalists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 18 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Document or review patients' histories.Urologists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 22 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write pathology reports summarizing analyses, results, and conclusions.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Order and interpret the results of diagnostic tests, such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening, to detect prostate cancer.Urologists | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 20 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide consulting services to other doctors caring for patients with special or difficult problems.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose or treat diseases or disorders of genitourinary organs and tracts including erectile dysfunction (ED), infertility, incontinence, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, urethral stones, or premature ejaculation.Urologists | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Document examination results, treatment plans, and patients' outcomes.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Advise surgeon of a patient's risk status and recommend appropriate intervention to minimize risk.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare government or organizational reports which include birth, death, and disease statistics, workforce evaluations, or medical status of individuals.Family Medicine Physicians · supplemental task | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 2.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Examine patients to assess mobility, strength, communication, or cognition.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Document or review comprehensive patients' histories with an emphasis on occupation or environmental risks.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 50 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct discharge planning and discharge patients.Hospitalists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe or administer antibiotics, antiseptics, or compresses to treat infection or injury.Urologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct, coordinate, or supervise the patient care activities of nursing or support staff.Hospitalists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify the etiology, pathogenesis, morphological change, and clinical significance of diseases.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Assess characteristics of patients' pain, such as intensity, location, or duration, using standardized clinical measures.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 15 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write patient discharge summaries and send them to primary care physicians.Hospitalists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 25 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct complete skin examinations.Dermatologists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to medical specialists, social services, or other professionals as appropriate.Hospitalists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Treat lower urinary tract dysfunctions using equipment such as diathermy machines, catheters, cystoscopes, or radium emanation tubes.Urologists | 0.4% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct the work of nurses, residents, or other staff to provide patient care.Urologists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose or treat allergic or immunologic conditions.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Educate patients about diagnoses, prognoses, or treatments.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe medication such as antihistamines, antibiotics, and nasal, oral, topical, or inhaled glucocorticosteroids.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 14 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine patients using equipment, such as radiograph (x-ray) machines or fluoroscopes, to determine the nature and extent of disorder or injury.Urologists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 16% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide inpatient or outpatient medical management of neuromuscular disorders, musculoskeletal trauma, acute and chronic pain, deformity or amputation, cardiac or pulmonary disease, or other disabling conditions.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Document patients' medical histories.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 35 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Admit patients for hospital stays.Hospitalists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.1 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop individualized treatment plans for patients, considering patient preferences, clinical data, or the risks and benefits of therapies.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Counsel patients on topics such as the need for annual dermatologic screenings, sun protection, skin cancer awareness, or skin and lymph node self-examinations.Dermatologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 10 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Record patients' health histories.Dermatologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 15 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose and treat pigmented lesions such as common acquired nevi, congenital nevi, dysplastic nevi, Spitz nevi, blue nevi, or melanoma.Dermatologists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interpret diagnostic test results to make appropriate differential diagnoses.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Order or perform diagnostic tests such as skin pricks and intradermal, patch, or delayed hypersensitivity tests.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 22% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose and treat skin conditions such as acne, dandruff, athlete's foot, moles, psoriasis, or skin cancer.Dermatologists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Perform comprehensive examinations of the visual system to determine the nature or extent of ocular disorders.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct physical examinations of patients.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 6% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Provide therapies, such as allergen immunotherapy or immunoglobin therapy, to treat immune conditions.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop comprehensive plans for immediate and long-term rehabilitation, including therapeutic exercise, speech and occupational therapy, counseling, cognitive retraining, patient, family or caregiver education, or community reintegration.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Document or evaluate patients' medical histories.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Attend inpatient consultations in areas of specialty.Hospitalists | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor effectiveness of pain management interventions, such as medication or spinal injections.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop or implement plans and procedures for ophthalmologic services.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prescribe medications to treat patients with erectile dysfunction (ED), infertility, or ejaculation problems.Urologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide urology consultation to physicians or other health care professionals.Urologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe physical therapy to relax the muscles and improve strength.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 20 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Perform skin surgery to improve appearance, make early diagnoses, or control diseases such as skin cancer.Dermatologists | 0.4% | L0 | L0L2 | 15% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose or treat injuries, disorders, or diseases of the eye and eye structures including the cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, or eyelids.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Communicate pathologic findings to surgeons or other physicians.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 15 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Educate patients about maintenance and promotion of healthy vision.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 15 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate physical medicine and rehabilitation services with other medical activities.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct public health education programs dealing with topics such as preventable diseases, injuries, nutrition, food service sanitation, water supply safety, sewage and waste disposal, insect control, and immunizations.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 22 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop treatment plans based on patients' histories and goals, the nature and severity of disorders, and treatment risks and benefits.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 35 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend diagnostic tests based on patients' histories and physical examination findings.Dermatologists | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 18 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Operate on patients to remove, repair, or improve functioning of diseased or injured body parts and systems.General Internal Medicine Physicians · supplemental task | 0.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 3% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Select, request, perform, or interpret diagnostic procedures, such as laboratory tests, electrocardiograms, emergency ultrasounds, and radiographs.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 15 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate patients' vital signs or laboratory data to determine emergency intervention needs and priority of treatment.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 10 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prescribe therapy services, such as electrotherapy, ultrasonography, heat or cold therapy, hydrotherapy, debridement, short-wave or microwave diathermy, and infrared or ultraviolet radiation, to enhance rehabilitation.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prescribe or administer topical or systemic medications to treat ophthalmic conditions and to manage pain.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 15 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Treat urologic disorders using alternatives to traditional surgery such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, laparoscopy, or laser techniques.Urologists | 0.4% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach or train medical staff regarding preventive medicine issues.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Assess the risks and benefits of therapies for allergic and immunologic disorders.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze records, examination information, or test results to diagnose medical conditions.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose or treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Consult or coordinate with other rehabilitative professionals, including physical and occupational therapists, rehabilitation nurses, speech pathologists, neuropsychologists, behavioral psychologists, social workers, or medical technicians.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct primary patient assessments that include information from prior medical care.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform, order, or interpret the results of diagnostic or clinical tests.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor patients' conditions, and reevaluate treatments, as necessary.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Select and prescribe medications to address patient needs.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 48% | 10 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Communicate with patients' primary care physicians upon admission, when treatment plans change, or at discharge to maintain continuity and quality of care.Hospitalists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct and coordinate activities of nurses, assistants, specialists, residents, and other medical staff.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 4.1 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collect and record patient information, such as medical history or examination results, in electronic or handwritten medical records.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide or direct the provision of postoperative care.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 25% | 28 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate the effectiveness of prescribed risk reduction measures or other interventions.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide consulting services to other physicians.Pediatricians, General | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate the care of patients with other health care professionals or support staff.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify groups at risk for specific preventable diseases or injuries.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prescribe hormonal agents or topical treatments such as contraceptives, spironolactone, antiandrogens, oral corticosteroids, retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, or antibiotics.Dermatologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 12 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Communicate likely outcomes of medical diseases or traumatic conditions to patients or their representatives.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Consult with hospitalists and other professionals, such as social workers, regarding patients' hospital admission, continued observation, transition of care, or discharge.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 15 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to specialists when condition exceeds experience, expertise, or scope of practice.Urologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze and interpret results from tests, such as microbial or parasite tests, urine analyses, hormonal assays, fine needle aspirations (FNAs), and polymerase chain reactions (PCRs).Physicians, Pathologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 25 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Read current literature, talk with colleagues, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in pathology.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Order and interpret the results of laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging procedures.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 20 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Record athletes' medical care information, and maintain medical records.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 20 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Perform epidemiological investigations of acute and chronic diseases.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 9.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify factors that may affect patient management, such as age, gender, barriers to communication, and underlying disease.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 42% | 10 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe corrective lenses such as glasses or contact lenses.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Consult with physicians about ordering and interpreting tests or providing treatments.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 20 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Teach residents or medical students about pediatric topics.Pediatricians, General | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Teach or train medical and clinical staff.Urologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Prepare preventive health reports, including problem descriptions, analyses, alternative solutions, and recommendations.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Assess patients' pain levels or sedation requirements.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 8 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate or integrate the resources of health care institutions, social service agencies, public safety workers, or other organizations to improve community health.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 5.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform incisional biopsies to diagnose melanoma.Dermatologists | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine patients to obtain information about functional status of areas, such as vision, physical strength, coordination, reflexes, sensations, language skills, cognitive abilities, and mental status.Neurologists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 12% | 42 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interview patients to obtain information, such as complaints, symptoms, medical histories, and family histories.Neurologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide information about potential health hazards and possible interventions to the media, the public, other health care professionals, or local, state, and federal health authorities.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform electrodiagnosis, including electromyography, nerve conduction studies, or somatosensory evoked potentials of neuromuscular disorders or damage.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide therapies such as intralesional steroids, chemical peels, or comodo removal to treat age spots, sun damage, rough skin, discolored skin, or oily skin.Dermatologists | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct interns and residents in the diagnosis and treatment of temporary or permanent physically disabling conditions.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose or treat performance-related conditions, such as sports injuries or repetitive-motion injuries.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 42 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Stabilize patients in critical condition.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare comprehensive interpretive reports of findings.Radiologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 20 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Perform abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal surgeries.Urologists | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 2.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide ophthalmic consultation to other medical professionals.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 32 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Discuss patients' treatment plans with physicians and other medical professionals.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 10 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to specialists or other practitioners.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 14 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct the operations of short stay or specialty units.Hospitalists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe or administer medications, such as anti-epileptic drugs, and monitor patients for behavioral and cognitive side effects.Neurologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 28 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures to prevent or control disease or injury.General Internal Medicine Physicians · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 24 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform or interpret the outcomes of diagnostic imaging procedures including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), nuclear cardiology treadmill studies, mammography, or ultrasound.Radiologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Diagnose neurological conditions based on interpretation of examination findings, histories, or test results.Neurologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Order or interpret results of laboratory analyses of patients' blood or cerebrospinal fluid.Neurologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 18 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Record athletes' medical histories, and perform physical examinations.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 42 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop treatment plans based on diagnoses and on evaluation of factors, such as age and general health, or procedural risks and costs.Neurologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design, implement, or evaluate health service delivery systems to improve the health of targeted populations.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 24 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Manage medical laboratories.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct or order diagnostic tests such as chest radiographs (x-rays), microbiologic tests, or endocrinologic tests.Dermatologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 15 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Perform or interpret the outcomes of procedures or diagnostic tests, such as lumbar punctures, electroencephalography, electromyography, and nerve conduction velocity tests.Neurologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 35% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Inform patients or families of neurological diagnoses and prognoses, or benefits, risks and costs of various treatment plans.Neurologists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Obtain patients' histories from electronic records, patient interviews, dictated reports, or by communicating with referring clinicians.Radiologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 14 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review or transmit images and information using picture archiving or communications systems.Radiologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 22 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Plan, implement, or administer health programs in hospitals, businesses, or communities for prevention and treatment of injuries or illnesses.General Internal Medicine Physicians · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 22 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare government or organizational reports on birth, death, and disease statistics, workforce evaluations, or the medical status of individuals.General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.3 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare, maintain, or review records that include patients' histories, neurological examination findings, treatment plans, or outcomes.Neurologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 25 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Diagnose infections, such as Hepatitis B and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), by conducting tests to detect the antibodies that patients' immune systems make to fight such infections.Physicians, Pathologists · supplemental task | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise against injured athletes returning to games or competition if resuming activity could lead to further injury.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 38 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe ophthalmologic treatments or therapies such as chemotherapy, cryotherapy, or low vision therapy.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 22 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan, implement, or administer health programs or standards in hospitals, businesses, or communities for prevention or treatment of injury or illness.Pediatricians, General · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct research to study anatomy and develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures to prevent or control disease or injury.Pediatricians, General · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 22 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify and treat major neurological system diseases and disorders, such as central nervous system infection, cranio spinal trauma, dementia, and stroke.Neurologists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform emergency resuscitations on patients.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L0 | L1L0 | 5% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Train or supervise medical students, residents, or other health professionals.Hospitalists | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe medications for the treatment of athletic-related injuries.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide dermatologic consultation to other health professionals.Dermatologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Perform allergen provocation tests such as nasal, conjunctival, bronchial, oral, food, or medication challenges.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Read current literature, talk with colleagues, and participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in dermatology.Dermatologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collaborate with multidisciplinary teams of health professionals to provide optimal patient care.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate sports care activities with other experts, including specialty physicians and surgeons, athletic trainers, physical therapists, or coaches.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 42 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise the rehabilitation of injured athletes.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Document the performance, interpretation, or outcomes of all procedures performed.Radiologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 18 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prescribe orthotic and prosthetic applications and adaptive equipment, such as wheelchairs, bracing, or communication devices, to maximize patient function and self-sufficiency.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Counsel patients or others on the background of neurological disorders including risk factors, or genetic or environmental concerns.Neurologists | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Communicate with other health care professionals regarding patients' conditions and care.Neurologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide education and counseling on illness and injury prevention.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Communicate examination results or diagnostic information to referring physicians, patients, or families.Radiologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 14 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform ophthalmic surgeries such as cataract, glaucoma, refractive, corneal, vitro-retinal, eye muscle, or oculoplastic surgeries.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer athletes for specialized consultation, physical therapy, or diagnostic testing.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 20 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Operate on patients to remove, repair, or improve functioning of diseased or injured body parts and systems.Pediatricians, General · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review cases by analyzing autopsies, laboratory findings, or case investigation reports.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Refer patients for more specialized treatments when conditions exceed the experience, expertise, or scope of practice of practitioner.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 22 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform laser surgeries to alter, remove, reshape, or replace ocular tissue.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric | 0.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine, evaluate and treat athletes who have been injured or who have medical problems such as exercise-induced asthma.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to other specialists, as needed.Dermatologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 15 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interpret the results of neuroimaging studies, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans.Neurologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 28 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Direct or support quality improvement projects or safety programs.Hospitalists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 5.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with medical professionals regarding image-based diagnoses.Radiologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 14 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct physical tests, such as functional capacity evaluations, to determine injured workers' capabilities to perform the physical demands of their jobs.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Engage in self-directed learning and continuing education activities.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 48% | 2.0 h | – |
| Educate physicians, students, and other personnel in medical laboratory professions, such as medical technology, cytotechnology, or histotechnology.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Participate in continuing education activities to maintain or enhance knowledge and skills.Hospitalists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct genetic analyses of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or chromosomes to diagnose small biopsies and cell samples.Physicians, Pathologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide allergy or immunology consultation or education to physicians or other health care providers.Allergists and Immunologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and supervise the work of the pathology staff, residents, or visiting pathologists.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 35% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop or monitor procedures to ensure adequate quality control of images.Radiologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Obtain specimens by performing procedures, such as biopsies or fine needle aspirations (FNAs) of superficial nodules.Physicians, Pathologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 8% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate neurological services with other health care team activities.Neurologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design and explain treatment plans, based on patient information such as medical history, reports, and examination results.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct tests of the pulmonary system, using a spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 8% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures that prevent or control disease or injury.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 22 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct exercise electrocardiogram tests to monitor cardiovascular activity under stress.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose medical conditions of patients, using records, reports, test results, or examination information.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 12 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 15 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, or disease prevention.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 20 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Administer emergency cardiac care for life-threatening heart problems, such as cardiac arrest and heart attack.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Diagnose cardiovascular conditions, using cardiac catheterization.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 20% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor patients' conditions and progress, and reevaluate treatments, as necessary.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 22 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Inject contrast media into patients' blood vessels.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 15 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe ultrasound display screen, and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, and cerebral circulation.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast-enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Order medical tests, such as echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and angiograms.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 9 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Perform minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as implanting pacemakers and defibrillators.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 5% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform vascular procedures, such as balloon angioplasty and stents.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe heart medication to treat or prevent heart problems.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend surgeons or surgical procedures.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise or train cardiology technologists or students.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.4 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Talk to other physicians about patients to create a treatment plan.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Obtain and record patient information, including patient identification, medical history, and examination results.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standards to identify abnormalities, using the results of an echocardiogram.Cardiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 15 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Refer patients to other health care practitioners as necessary.Neurologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Train residents, medical students, and other health care professionals.Family Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Deliver presentations to lay or professional audiences.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 48% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Develop or implement interventions to address behavioral causes of diseases.Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise other physicians on the treatment of neurological problems.Neurologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 38 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Inform coaches, trainers, or other interested parties regarding the medical conditions of athletes.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform brachytherapy, cryotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), or photodynamic therapy to treat prostate or other cancers.Urologists | 0.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct laboratory or clinical research on allergy or immunology topics.Allergists and Immunologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 22 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Order supportive care services, such as physical therapy, specialized nursing care, and social services.Neurologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 18 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Coordinate radiological services with other medical activities.Radiologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare government or organizational reports of birth, death, and disease statistics, workforce evaluations, or medical status of individuals.Pediatricians, General · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.8 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Instruct interns or residents in diagnosis and treatment of dermatological diseases.Dermatologists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform such medical procedures as emergent cricothyrotomy, endotracheal intubation, and emergency thoracotomy.Emergency Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 18 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct radiologic staff in desired techniques, positions, or projections.Radiologists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 8 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe orthotics, prosthetics, and adaptive equipment.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 28 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform interventional procedures such as image-guided biopsy, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, transhepatic biliary drainage, or nephrostomy catheter placement.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide counseling to radiologic patients to explain the processes, risks, benefits, or alternative treatments.Radiologists | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 18 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform specialized treatments in areas such as sleep disorders, neuroimmunology, neuro-oncology, behavioral neurology, and neurogenetics.Neurologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 52 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Provide training to medical students or staff members.Neurologists | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Evaluate and manage chronic pain conditions.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise athletes, trainers, or coaches to alter or cease sports practices that are potentially harmful.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe and evaluate athletes' mental well-being.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 48 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct research and present scientific findings.Physicians, Pathologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 24 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Develop treatment plans for radiology patients.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Attend games and competitions to provide evaluation and treatment of activity-related injuries or medical conditions.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 2.2 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Examine and evaluate athletes prior to participation in sports activities to determine level of physical fitness or predisposition to injuries.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.2% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 35 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Supervise medical technicians in the performance of neurological diagnostic or therapeutic activities.Neurologists | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate patients to determine eligibility for cosmetic procedures such as liposuction, laser resurfacing, or microdermabrasion.Dermatologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 35 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct clinical or basic research.Dermatologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 22 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Inform athletes about nutrition, hydration, dietary supplements, or uses and possible consequences of medication.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in continuing education activities to improve and maintain knowledge and skills.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide dermabrasion or laser abrasion to treat atrophic scars, elevated scars, or other skin conditions.Dermatologists | 0.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise coaches, trainers, or physical therapists on the proper use of exercises and other therapeutic techniques, and alert them to potentially dangerous practices.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish and enforce radiation protection standards for patients and staff.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct nuclear medicine technologists or technicians regarding desired dosages, techniques, positions, and projections.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L2L1 | 35% | 12 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Compare nuclear medicine procedures with other types of procedures, such as computed tomography, ultrasonography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L3L2 | 80% | 1.1 h | – |
| Administer radioisotopes to clinical patients or research subjects.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 10% | 32 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise other physicians of the clinical indications, limitations, assessments, or risks of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of radioactive materials.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 25 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor handling of radioactive materials to ensure that established procedures are followed.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Formulate plans and procedures for nuclear medicine departments.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 9.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Check and approve the quality of diagnostic images before patients are discharged.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 6 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prescribe radionuclides and dosages to be administered to individual patients.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 18 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Review procedure requests and patients' medical histories to determine applicability of procedures and radioisotopes to be used.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 12 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Teach nuclear medicine, diagnostic radiology, or other specialties at graduate educational level.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Test dosage evaluation instruments and survey meters to ensure they are operating properly.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Calculate, measure, or prepare radioisotope dosages.Radiologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 20 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Establish or enforce standards for protection of patients or personnel.Radiologists | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recognize or treat complications during and after procedures, including blood pressure problems, pain, oversedation, or bleeding.Radiologists | 0.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 25 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop or adopt new tests or instruments to improve diagnosis of diseases.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 23 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Participate in continuing education activities to maintain and expand competence.Neurologists | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 40% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Develop and prescribe exercise programs, such as off-season conditioning regimens.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 1.1 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prescribe or administer treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation.Neurologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 18% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in quality improvement activities including discussions of areas where risk of error is high.Radiologists | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Instruct interns, residents, or others in ophthalmologic procedures and techniques.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Select and prepare medical equipment or medications to be taken to athletic competition sites.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct research in the prevention or treatment of injuries or medical conditions related to sports and exercise.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 22 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Determine brain death using accepted tests and procedures.Neurologists | 0.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 1.8 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform autopsies to determine causes of deaths.Physicians, Pathologists | 0.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 15% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Participate in neuroscience research activities.Neurologists | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 5.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Participate in continuing education activities to maintain and develop expertise.Radiologists | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 45% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide coaches and therapists with assistance in selecting and fitting protective equipment.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Present research findings at national meetings or in peer-reviewed journals.Allergists and Immunologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 18 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Advise athletes on ways that substances, such as herbal remedies, could affect drug testing results.Sports Medicine Physicians · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop and test procedures for dealing with emergencies during practices or competitions.Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 8.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Testify in depositions or trials as an expert witness.Physicians, Pathologists · supplemental task | 0.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 5.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct clinical or laboratory-based research in ophthalmology.Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric · supplemental task | 0.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 28 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 56.2% | 62 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.444 | 68 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 0.816 | 71 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 53 | 44 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.221 | 59 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.039 | 58 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (22)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Dieticians and nutritionists 2265 | 87.0 | |
| Pharmacists 2262 | 77.6 | |
| Environmental and occupational health and hygiene professionals 2263 | 69.5 | |
| Specialist medical practitioners 2212 | 52.9 | |
| Traditional and complementary medicine professionals 2230 | 47.8 | |
| Audiologists and speech therapists 2266 | 47.0 | |
| Physiotherapists 2264 | 46.7 | |
| Health professionals not elsewhere classified 2269 | 46.0 | |
| Nursing professionals 2221 | 44.4 | |
| Paramedical practitioners 2240 | 35.6 | |
| Midwifery professionals 2222 | 33.7 | |
| Optometrists and ophthalmic opticians 2267 | 30.7 |
Dashed line: generalist medical practitioners (56.2%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Generalist medical practitioners (ISCO-08 2211), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2211
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Generalist medical practitioners (ISCO-08 2211)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2211.json.