ISCO-08 7323
Print finishing and binding workers
13.1%
ADI · 339th of 433 · 95% interval 0.0–29.3
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 13.1% of the task time of print finishing and binding workers, and finish 0.0% alone. Most of the rest requires physical presence.
ADI · partial or full13.1%
339th of 433 · interval 0.0–29.3
ADI3 · full delegation0.0%
201st of 433 · interval 0.0–0.0
ADIs · share of time14.7%
359th of 433 · interval 8.3–23.0
Evidence25
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 2.5 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 77.3%L1Augmentation · 9.6%L2Partial delegation · 13.1%L3Full delegation · 0.0%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
25 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Examine stitched, collated, bound, or unbound product samples for defects, such as imperfect bindings, ink spots, torn pages, loose pages, or loose or uncut threads.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 5.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 8 min | Physical presence |
| Read work orders to determine instructions and specifications for machine set-up.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 5.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 15 min | Access to systems |
| Stitch or glue endpapers, bindings, backings, or signatures, using sewing machines, glue machines, or glue and brushes.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 5.0% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 40 min | Physical presence |
| Monitor machine operations to detect malfunctions or to determine whether adjustments are needed.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.9% | L1 | L1L1 | 20% | 25 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Maintain records, such as daily production records, using specified forms.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 15 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Trim edges of books to size, using cutting machines, book trimming machines, or hand cutters.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.8% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 15 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Insert book bodies in devices that form back edges of books into convex shapes and produce grooves that facilitate cover attachment.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 4.7% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 5 min | Physical presence |
| Install or adjust bindery machine devices, such as knives, guides, rollers, rounding forms, creasing rams, or clamps, to accommodate sheets, signatures, or books of specified sizes.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.6% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 25 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Set up or operate machines that perform binding operations, such as pressing, folding, or trimming.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.5% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Set up or operate bindery machines, such as coil binders, thermal or tape binders, plastic comb binders, or specialty binders.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.4% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 32 min | Physical presence |
| Lubricate, clean, or make minor repairs to machine parts to keep machines in working condition.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 38 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Prepare finished books for shipping by wrapping or packing books and stacking boxes on pallets.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 30 min | Physical presence |
| Cut cover material to specified dimensions, fitting and gluing material to binder boards by hand or machine.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 4.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 15 min | Physical presence |
| Set up or operate glue machines by filling glue reservoirs, turning switches to activate heating elements, or adjusting glue flow or conveyor speed.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 4.0% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 15 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Compress sewed or glued signatures, using hand presses or smashing machines.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 3.9% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 15 min | Physical presence |
Show the other 10 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cut binder boards to specified dimensions, using board shears, hand cutters, or cutting machines.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 3.9% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 12 min | Physical presence |
| Form book bodies by folding and sewing printed sheets to form signatures and assembling signatures in numerical order.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 3.8% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 52 min | Physical presence |
| Bind new books, using hand tools such as bone folders, knives, hammers, or brass binding tools.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 3.8% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 4.0 h | Physical presence |
| Perform highly skilled hand finishing binding operations, such as grooving or lettering.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 3.6% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 1.4 h | Physical presence |
| Imprint or emboss lettering, designs, or numbers on book covers, using gold, silver, or colored foil, and stamping machines.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 3.6% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 22 min | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Meet with clients, printers, or designers to discuss job requirements or binding plans.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 3.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 45 min | Trust and care |
| Punch holes in and fasten paper sheets, signatures, or other material, using hand or machine punches and staplers.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 2.7% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 18 min | Physical presence |
| Repair, restore, or rebind old, rare, or damaged books, using hand tools.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 2.4% | L0 | L0L1 | 12% | 7.5 h | Physical presence |
| Design original or special bindings for limited editions or other custom binding projects.Print Binding and Finishing Workers · supplemental task | 2.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 6.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Train workers to set up, operate, and use automatic bindery machines.Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 2.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile |
|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 13.1% | 22 |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.087 | 16 |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | -0.906 | 25 |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 89 | 88 |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0 | 4 |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0 | 16 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (73)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-press technicians 7321 | 78.4 | |
| Handicraft workers in wood, basketry and related materials 7317 | 52.2 | |
| Handicraft workers not elsewhere classified 7319 | 52.2 | |
| Printers 7322 | 33.3 | |
| Precision-instrument makers and repairers 7311 | 22.2 | |
| Jewellery and precious-metal workers 7313 | 21.8 | |
| Potters and related workers 7314 | 15.6 | |
| Musical instrument makers and tuners 7312 | 5.5 | |
| Sign writers, decorative painters, engravers and etchers 7316 | 4.4 | |
| Glass makers, cutters, grinders and finishers 7315 | 3.7 | |
| Handicraft workers in textile, leather and related materials 7318 | 0.0 |
Dashed line: print finishing and binding workers (13.1%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Print finishing and binding workers (ISCO-08 7323), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/7323
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Print finishing and binding workers (ISCO-08 7323)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/7323.json.