ISCO-08 7312
Musical instrument makers and tuners
5.5%
ADI · 389th of 433 · 95% interval 2.8–9.5
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 5.5% of the task time of musical instrument makers and tuners, and finish 0.4% alone. Most of the rest requires physical presence.
ADI · partial or full5.5%
389th of 433 · interval 2.8–9.5
ADI3 · full delegation0.4%
185th of 433 · interval 0.0–1.2
ADIs · share of time10.8%
398th of 433 · interval 8.3–14.5
Evidence46
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 0.8 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 80.4%L1Augmentation · 14.1%L2Partial delegation · 5.1%L3Full delegation · 0.3%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
46 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Align pads and keys on reed or wind instruments.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 7.1% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 1.1 h | Physical presence |
| Adjust string tensions to tune instruments, using hand tools and electronic tuning devices.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 6.8% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 38 min | Physical presence |
| Play instruments to evaluate their sound quality and to locate any defects.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 6.5% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 25 min | Physical presence |
| Compare instrument pitches with tuning tool pitches to tune instruments.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 5.8% | L1 | L1L1 | 18% | 25 min | Physical presence |
| Disassemble instruments and parts for repair and adjustment.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 5.6% | L0 | L0L1 | 4% | 38 min | Physical presence |
| Remove dents and burrs from metal instruments, using mallets and burnishing tools.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 5.2% | L0 | L0L0 | 3% | 52 min | Physical presence |
| Repair or replace musical instrument parts and components, such as strings, bridges, felts, and keys, using hand and power tools.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 5.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 1.3 h | Physical presence |
| Reassemble instruments following repair, using hand tools and power tools and glue, hair, yarn, resin, or clamps, and lubricate instruments as necessary.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 5.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 1.5 h | Physical presence |
| Inspect instruments to locate defects, and to determine their value or the level of restoration required.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 4.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 42 min | Physical presence |
| Solder posts and parts to hold them in their proper places.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 4.5% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 20 min | Physical presence |
| Adjust felt hammers on pianos to increase tonal mellowness or brilliance, using sanding paddles, lacquer, or needles.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 4.2% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 1.5 h | Physical presence |
| Shape old parts and replacement parts to improve tone or intonation, using hand tools, lathes, or soldering irons.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 4.0% | L0 | L0L1 | 10% | 1.4 h | Physical presence |
| Remove irregularities from tuning pins, strings, and hammers of pianos, using wood blocks or filing tools.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 4.0% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 1.1 h | Physical presence |
| Polish instruments, using rags and polishing compounds, buffing wheels, or burnishing tools.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 3.6% | L0 | L0L0 | 2% | 32 min | Physical presence |
| Mix and measure glue that will be used for instrument repair.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 2.9% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 10 min | Physical presence |
Show the other 31 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strike wood, fiberglass, or metal bars of instruments, and use tuned blocks, stroboscopes, or electronic tuners to evaluate tones made by instruments.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 2.7% | L0 | L0L0 | 5% | 45 min | Physical presence |
| String instruments, and adjust trusses and bridges of instruments to obtain specified string tensions and heights.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 2.6% | L0 | L0L1 | 6% | 50 min | Physical presence |
| Repair cracks in wood or metal instruments, using pinning wire, lathes, fillers, clamps, or soldering irons.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 2.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 9% | 1.5 h | Physical presence |
| Make wood replacement parts, using woodworking machines and hand tools.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 2.0% | L0 | L0L1 | 14% | 2.3 h | Physical presence |
| Wash metal instruments in lacquer-stripping and cyanide solutions to remove lacquer and tarnish.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 1.8% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 40 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Refinish instruments to protect and decorate them, using hand tools, buffing tools, and varnish.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 1.7% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 5.5 h | Physical presence |
| Assemble and install new pipe organs and pianos in buildings.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 1.3% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 12 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Deliver pianos to purchasers or to locations of their use.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 1.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 9% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Refinish and polish piano cabinets or cases to prepare them for sale.Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners · supplemental task | 1.1% | L0 | L0L1 | 8% | 11 h | Physical presence |
| Monitor employees' work levels and review work performance.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Determine schedules, sequences, and assignments for work activities, based on work priority, quantity of equipment, and skill of personnel.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.0 h | Access to systems |
| Inspect and monitor work areas, examine tools and equipment, and provide employee safety training to prevent, detect, and correct unsafe conditions or violations of procedures and safety rules.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.5% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Inspect, test, and measure completed work, using devices such as hand tools or gauges to verify conformance to standards or repair requirements.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.5% | L1 | L1L1 | 15% | 30 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Monitor tool and part inventories and the condition and maintenance of shops to ensure adequate working conditions.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Requisition materials and supplies, such as tools, equipment, or replacement parts.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 38 min | Access to systems |
| Perform skilled repair or maintenance operations, using equipment such as hand or power tools, hydraulic presses or shears, or welding equipment.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 4% | 1.5 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Compute estimates and actual costs of factors such as materials, labor, or outside contractors.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 1.8 h | Access to systems |
| Examine objects, systems, or facilities and analyze information to determine needed installations, services, or repairs.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Interpret specifications, blueprints, or job orders to construct templates and lay out reference points for workers.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Physical presence |
| Participate in budget preparation and administration, coordinating purchasing and documentation and monitoring departmental expenditures.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers · supplemental task | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Confer with personnel, such as management, engineering, quality control, customer, or union workers' representatives, to coordinate work activities, resolve employee grievances, or identify and review resource needs.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop or implement electronic maintenance programs or computer information management systems.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers · supplemental task | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 6.0 h | Access to systems |
| Counsel employees about work-related issues and assist employees to correct job-skill deficiencies.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 52 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Compile operational or personnel records, such as time and production records, inventory data, repair or maintenance statistics, or test results.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers · supplemental task | 0.3% | L3 | L3L3 | 82% | 1.3 h | Access to systems |
| Meet with vendors or suppliers to discuss products used in repair work.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop, implement, or evaluate maintenance policies and procedures.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review, evaluate, accept, and coordinate completion of work bid from contractors.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 2.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct or arrange for worker training in safety, repair, or maintenance techniques, operational procedures, or equipment use.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Design equipment configurations to meet personnel needs.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers · supplemental task | 0.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 2.0 h | Access to systems |
| Recommend or initiate personnel actions, such as hires, promotions, transfers, discharges, or disciplinary measures.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Investigate accidents or injuries and prepare reports of findings.First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 0.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile |
|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 5.5% | 10 |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.059 | 10 |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | -0.488 | 40 |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 50 | 39 |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.023 | 16 |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.008 | 40 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (73)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-press technicians 7321 | 78.4 | |
| Handicraft workers in wood, basketry and related materials 7317 | 52.2 | |
| Handicraft workers not elsewhere classified 7319 | 52.2 | |
| Printers 7322 | 33.3 | |
| Precision-instrument makers and repairers 7311 | 22.2 | |
| Jewellery and precious-metal workers 7313 | 21.8 | |
| Potters and related workers 7314 | 15.6 | |
| Print finishing and binding workers 7323 | 13.1 | |
| Sign writers, decorative painters, engravers and etchers 7316 | 4.4 | |
| Glass makers, cutters, grinders and finishers 7315 | 3.7 | |
| Handicraft workers in textile, leather and related materials 7318 | 0.0 |
Dashed line: musical instrument makers and tuners (5.5%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Musical instrument makers and tuners (ISCO-08 7312), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/7312
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Musical instrument makers and tuners (ISCO-08 7312)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/7312.json.