ISCO-08 2412
Financial and investment advisers
95.2%
ADI · 35th of 433 · 95% interval 90.0–98.9
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 95.2% of the task time of financial and investment advisers, and finish 2.3% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full95.2%
35th of 433 · interval 90.0–98.9
ADI3 · full delegation2.3%
113th of 433 · interval 0.5–4.9
ADIs · share of time61.8%
46th of 433 · interval 58.9–64.4
Evidence77
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 4.1 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 0.0%L1Augmentation · 4.8%L2Partial delegation · 93.0%L3Full delegation · 2.3%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
77 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manage client portfolios, keeping client plans up-to-date.Personal Financial Advisors | 4.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 2.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Analyze financial information obtained from clients to determine strategies for meeting clients' financial objectives.Personal Financial Advisors | 4.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Recommend to clients strategies in cash management, insurance coverage, investment planning, or other areas to help them achieve their financial goals.Personal Financial Advisors | 4.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Recommend financial products, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or insurance.Personal Financial Advisors | 4.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Answer clients' questions about the purposes and details of financial plans and strategies.Personal Financial Advisors | 4.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 30 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Implement financial planning recommendations, or refer clients to someone who can assist them with plan implementation.Personal Financial Advisors | 4.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 2.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review clients' accounts and plans regularly to determine whether life changes, economic changes, environmental concerns, or financial performance indicate a need for plan reassessment.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare or interpret for clients information, such as investment performance reports, financial document summaries, or income projections.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Interview clients to determine their current income, expenses, insurance coverage, tax status, financial objectives, risk tolerance, or other information needed to develop a financial plan.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.1 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor financial market trends to ensure that client plans are responsive.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.4% | L2 | L3L2 | 78% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Contact clients periodically to determine any changes in their financial status.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 38 min | Trust and care |
| Guide clients in the gathering of information, such as bank account records, income tax returns, life and disability insurance records, pension plans, or wills.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Open accounts for clients, and disburse funds from accounts to creditors as agent for clients.Personal Financial Advisors · supplemental task | 3.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Investigate available investment opportunities to determine compatibility with client financial plans.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 2.8 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Recruit and maintain client bases.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 4.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Show the other 62 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explain to clients the personal financial advisor's responsibilities and the types of services to be provided.Personal Financial Advisors | 3.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 38 min | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Devise debt liquidation plans that include payoff priorities and timelines.Personal Financial Advisors | 1.9% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Meet with clients' other advisors, such as attorneys, accountants, trust officers, or investment bankers, to fully understand clients' financial goals and circumstances.Personal Financial Advisors | 1.9% | L1 | L2L1 | 32% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend environmentally responsible investments, such as cleantech, alternative energy, or conservation technologies, companies, or funds.Personal Financial Advisors · supplemental task | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 2.3 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Inform clients about tax benefits, government rebates, or other financial benefits of alternative-fuel vehicle purchases or energy-efficient home construction, improvements, or remodeling.Personal Financial Advisors · supplemental task | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 45 min | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct seminars or workshops on financial planning topics, such as retirement planning, estate planning, or the evaluation of severance packages.Personal Financial Advisors · supplemental task | 0.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 48% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Prepare plans of action for investment, using financial analyses.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Interpret data on price, yield, stability, future investment-risk trends, economic influences, and other factors affecting investment programs.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Monitor developments in the fields of industrial technology, business, finance, and economic theory.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 1.5 h | Access to systems |
| Perform securities valuation or pricing.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare all materials for transactions or execution of deals.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 9.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Purchase investments for companies in accordance with company policy.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Present oral or written reports on general economic trends, individual corporations, and entire industries.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate capital needs of clients and assess market conditions to inform structuring of financial packages.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend investments and investment timing to companies, investment firm staff, or the public.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Specialize in green financial instruments, such as socially responsible mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETF) that are comprised of green companies.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Supervise, train, or mentor junior team members.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 1.3 h | Trust and care |
| Inform investment decisions by analyzing financial information to forecast business, industry, or economic conditions.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 7.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Monitor fundamental economic, industrial, and corporate developments by analyzing information from financial publications and services, investment banking firms, government agencies, trade publications, company sources, or personal interviews.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 3.0 h | Access to systems |
| Evaluate and compare the relative quality of various securities in a given industry.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct financial analyses related to investments in green construction or green retrofitting projects.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 6.5 h | Access to systems |
| Employ financial models to develop solutions to financial problems or to assess the financial or capital impact of transactions.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Advise clients on aspects of capitalization, such as amounts, sources, or timing.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Analyze financial or operational performance of companies facing financial difficulties to identify or recommend remedies.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 8.0 h | Access to systems |
| Assess companies as investments for clients by examining company facilities.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 6.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Access to systems |
| Collaborate with investment bankers to attract new corporate clients.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 6.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Collaborate on projects with other professionals, such as lawyers, accountants, or public relations experts.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 2.5 h | Trust and care |
| Confer with clients to restructure debt, refinance debt, or raise new debt.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Create client presentations of plan details.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Determine the prices at which securities should be syndicated and offered to the public.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 14 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop and maintain client relationships.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 2.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Draw charts and graphs, using computer spreadsheets, to illustrate technical reports.Financial and Investment Analysts · supplemental task | 0.6% | L3 | L3L3 | 88% | 1.5 h | – |
| Monitor developments in the fields of industrial technology, business, finance, and economic theory.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L3 | L3L3 | 82% | 1.5 h | – |
| Identify key risks and mitigating factors of potential investments, such as asset types and values, legal and ownership structures, professional reputations, customer bases, or industry segments.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Inform financial decisions by analyzing financial information to forecast business, industry, or economic conditions.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Interpret data on price, yield, stability, future investment-risk trends, economic influences, and other factors affecting investment programs.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Maintain input or data quality of risk management systems.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Meet with clients to answer queries on subjects such as risk exposure, market scenarios, or values-at-risk calculations.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review or draft risk disclosures for offer documents.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Prepare plans of action for investment, using financial analyses.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Produce reports or presentations that outline findings, explain risk positions, or recommend changes.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 4.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Provide statistical modeling advice to other departments.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 2.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Recommend investments and investment timing to companies, investment firm staff, or the public.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care |
| Recommend ways to control or reduce risk.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Evaluate the risks related to green investments, such as renewable energy company stocks.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Gather risk-related data from internal or external resources.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 2.0 h | Access to systems |
| Develop or implement risk-assessment models or methodologies.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 12 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Evaluate the risks and benefits involved in implementing green building technologies.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Evaluate and compare the relative quality of various securities in a given industry.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L3 | 78% | 6.0 h | Access to systems |
| Draw charts and graphs, using computer spreadsheets, to illustrate technical reports.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 1.3 h | – |
| Document, and ensure communication of, key risks.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 3.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Devise systems or processes to monitor validity of risk assessments.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Devise scenario analyses reflecting possible severe market events.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Develop contingency plans to deal with emergencies.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Determine potential environmental impacts of new products or processes on long-term growth and profitability.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.0 h | Access to systems |
| Contribute to development of risk management systems.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Consult financial literature to ensure use of the latest models or statistical techniques.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Confer with traders to identify and communicate risks associated with specific trading strategies or positions.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.3 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct statistical analyses to quantify risk, using statistical analysis software or econometric models.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Analyze new legislation to determine impact on risk exposure.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Analyze areas of potential risk to the assets, earning capacity, or success of organizations.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Track, measure, or report on aspects of market risk for traded issues.Financial Risk Specialists · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 3.0 h | Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 95.2% | 92 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.505 | 78 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 1.392 | 98 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 81 | 74 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.47 | 86 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.373 | 95 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (24)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Training and staff development professionals 2424 | 100.0 | |
| Advertising and marketing professionals 2431 | 97.2 | |
| Accountants 2411 | 97.0 | |
| Financial analysts 2413 | 93.9 | |
| Public relations professionals 2432 | 93.0 | |
| Management and organisation analysts 2421 | 92.5 | |
| Information and communications technology sales professionals 2434 | 90.8 | |
| Policy administration professionals 2422 | 90.6 | |
| Technical and medical sales professionals (excluding ICT) 2433 | 89.5 | |
| Personnel and careers professionals 2423 | 84.9 |
Dashed line: financial and investment advisers (95.2%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Financial and investment advisers (ISCO-08 2412), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/2412
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Financial and investment advisers (ISCO-08 2412)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/2412.json.