ISCO-08 5165
Driving instructors
59.2%
ADI · 156th of 433 · 95% interval 39.6–77.7
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 59.2% of the task time of driving instructors, and finish 4.7% alone.
ADI · partial or full59.2%
156th of 433 · interval 39.6–77.7
ADI3 · full delegation4.7%
77th of 433 · interval 0.0–13.6
ADIs · share of time46.6%
150th of 433 · interval 39.3–54.5
Evidence30
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 0.5 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 0.0%L1Augmentation · 40.8%L2Partial delegation · 54.5%L3Full delegation · 4.7%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
30 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instruct students individually and in groups, using various teaching methods, such as lectures, discussions, and demonstrations.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 5.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students' varying needs and interests.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 5.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare students for further development by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 5.0% | L1 | L1L1 | 25% | 1.0 h | Trust and care |
| Monitor students' performance to make suggestions for improvement and to ensure that they satisfy course standards, training requirements, and objectives.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 4.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 1.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Observe students to determine qualifications, limitations, abilities, interests, and other individual characteristics.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 4.6% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 38 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects and communicate those objectives to students.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 4.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 72% | 38 min | Access to systems |
| Assign and grade class work and homework.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 4.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 1.3 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Maintain accurate and complete student records as required by administrative policy.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 4.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 30 min | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Enforce policies and rules governing students.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 4.0% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 22 min | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 3.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 1.1 h | Physical presence |
| Conduct classes, workshops, and demonstrations, and provide individual instruction to teach topics and skills, such as cooking, dancing, writing, physical fitness, photography, personal finance, and flying.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 3.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Instruct and monitor students in the use and care of equipment and materials to prevent injury and damage.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 3.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 20% | 45 min | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration, and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question, and investigate.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 3.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Prepare instructional program objectives, outlines, and lesson plans.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 3.5% | L3 | L3L3 | 85% | 2.5 h | – |
| Prepare and administer written, oral, and performance tests, and issue grades in accordance with performance.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 3.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Show the other 15 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Sonnet · Haiku | Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use computers, audio-visual aids, and other equipment and materials to supplement presentations.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 3.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.1 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Meet with other instructors to discuss individual students and their progress.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 3.1% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 38 min | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Confer with other teachers and professionals to plan and schedule lessons promoting learning and development.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 3.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 55% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Schedule class times to ensure maximum attendance.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 2.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 1.5 h | Access to systems |
| Review instructional content, methods, and student evaluations to assess strengths and weaknesses, and to develop recommendations for course revision, development, or elimination.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 2.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Observe and evaluate the performance of other instructors.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 2.8% | L1 | L1L2 | 38% | 1.4 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Organize and supervise games and other recreational activities to promote physical, mental, and social development.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 2.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 25% | 1.3 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare and implement remedial programs for students requiring extra help.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 3.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Meet with parents and guardians to discuss their children's progress and to determine their priorities for their children.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 2.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 28% | 35 min | Trust and care |
| Plan and supervise class projects, field trips, visits by guest speakers, contests, or other experiential activities, and guide students in learning from those activities.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 2.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 7.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Participate in publicity planning and student recruitment.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 2.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Select, order, and issue books, materials, and supplies for courses or projects.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 1.5 h | Access to systems |
| Attend staff meetings and serve on committees, as required.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 1.9% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Attend professional meetings, conferences, and workshops to maintain and improve professional competence.Self-Enrichment Teachers | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care |
| Write instructional articles on designated subjects.Self-Enrichment Teachers · supplemental task | 1.2% | L3 | L3L3 | 89% | 3.5 h | – |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 59.2% | 64 | |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.36 | 55 | |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 0.526 | 65 | |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 55 | 48 | |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.183 | 53 | |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.066 | 66 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (51)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Cleaning and housekeeping supervisors in offices, hotels and other establishments 5151 | 55.3 | |
| Astrologers, fortune-tellers and related workers 5161 | 52.6 | |
| Travel guides 5113 | 43.6 | |
| Domestic housekeepers 5152 | 39.6 | |
| Companions and valets 5162 | 36.8 | |
| Personal services workers not elsewhere classified 5169 | 36.4 | |
| Beauticians and related workers 5142 | 26.5 | |
| Hairdressers 5141 | 25.8 | |
| Undertakers and embalmers 5163 | 24.7 | |
| Cooks 5120 | 24.2 | |
| Pet groomers and animal care workers 5164 | 23.8 | |
| Bartenders 5132 | 20.2 |
Dashed line: driving instructors (59.2%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Driving instructors (ISCO-08 5165), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/5165
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Driving instructors (ISCO-08 5165)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/5165.json.