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Balam Labs
ISCO-08 8331

Bus and tram drivers

14.1%
ADI · 330th of 433 · 95% interval 7.0–22.9

An AI agent can at least partly carry out 14.1% of the task time of bus and tram drivers, and finish 0.0% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.

ADI · partial or full14.1%

330th of 433 · interval 7.0–22.9

ADI3 · full delegation0.0%

201st of 433 · interval 0.0–0.0

ADIs · share of time19.1%

325th of 433 · interval 14.1–24.5

Evidence108

task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 13.0 million.

Task weight by level

How the tasks rate

62%
23%
14%
L0No meaningful role · 62.5%L1Augmentation · 23.5%L2Partial delegation · 14.1%L3Full delegation · 0.0%
Barriers

What stops the agent

Physical presence88%
Accountability59%
Trust and care31%
Access to systems73%

Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.

108 task statements, heaviest first
Task statement (O*NET occupation)WeightLevelSonnet · HaikuShareHuman timeBarriers
Drive vehicles over specified routes or to specified destinations according to time schedules, complying with traffic regulations to ensure that passengers have a smooth and safe ride.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity3.0%L0L0L03%4.5 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Park vehicles at loading areas so that passengers can board.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.9%L0L0L01%4 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Announce stops to passengers.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.7%L1L1L250%1 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner.Bus Drivers, School2.7%L0L0L15%3.4 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Collect tickets or cash fares from passengers.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.6%L0L0L04%1 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Follow safety rules as students board and exit buses or cross streets near bus stops.Bus Drivers, School2.5%L0L0L04%10 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilating systems for passenger comfort.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.5%L0L0L02%2 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Pick up and drop off students at regularly scheduled neighborhood locations, following strict time schedules.Bus Drivers, School2.5%L0L0L04%1.3 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Drive gasoline, diesel, or electrically powered multi-passenger vehicles to transport students between neighborhoods, schools, and school activities.Bus Drivers, School2.4%L0L0L02%2.5 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Check the condition of a vehicle's tires, brakes, windshield wipers, lights, oil, fuel, water, and safety equipment to ensure that everything is in working order.Bus Drivers, School2.4%L0L0L112%18 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Inspect vehicles and check gas, oil, and water levels prior to departure.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.4%L0L0L08%15 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Assist passengers, such as elderly or individuals with disabilities, on and off bus, ensure they are seated properly, help carry baggage, and answer questions about bus schedules or routes.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.4%L0L0L06%6 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care
Monitor lights indicating obstructions or other trains ahead and watch for car and truck traffic at crossings to stay alert to potential hazards.Subway and Streetcar Operators2.2%L0L0L04%4.3 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Operate controls to open and close transit vehicle doors.Subway and Streetcar Operators2.2%L0L0L01%1 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Drive and control rail-guided public transportation, such as subways, elevated trains, and electric-powered streetcars, trams, or trolleys, to transport passengers.Subway and Streetcar Operators2.2%L0L0L05%4.4 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Show the other 93 tasks
Task statement (O*NET occupation)WeightLevelSonnet · HaikuShareHuman timeBarriers
Record information, such as cash receipts and ticket fares, and maintain log book.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.2%L1L1L232%15 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Advise passengers to be seated and orderly while on vehicles.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.2%L0L0L04%2 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Maintain order among students during trips to ensure safety.Bus Drivers, School2.2%L0L0L04%38 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Regulate vehicle speed and the time spent at each stop to maintain schedules.Subway and Streetcar Operators2.1%L0L0L05%4.4 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Maintain cleanliness of bus or motor coach.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.1%L0L0L04%22 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Read maps to plan bus routes.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity · supplemental task2.1%L2L2L262%1.8 hAccess to systems
Report delays or accidents.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity2.0%L1L1L240%12 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilation systems for student comfort.Bus Drivers, School2.0%L0L0L03%4 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Prepare and submit reports that may include the number of students or trips, hours worked, mileage, or fuel consumption.Bus Drivers, School2.0%L2L2L265%40 minAccountability, Access to systems
Escort small children across roads and highways.Bus Drivers, School · supplemental task1.9%L0L0L02%8 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care
Keep bus interiors clean for students.Bus Drivers, School1.9%L0L0L16%25 minPhysical presence
Report delays, mechanical problems, and emergencies to supervisors or dispatchers, using radios.Subway and Streetcar Operators1.8%L1L1L118%3 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Make announcements to passengers, such as notifications of upcoming stops or schedule delays.Subway and Streetcar Operators1.8%L2L2L260%2 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Handle passenger emergencies or disruptions.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity1.8%L0L0L219%25 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Load and unload baggage in baggage compartments.Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity · supplemental task1.8%L0L0L02%12 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Record bus routes.Bus Drivers, School1.8%L2L2L250%30 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Greet passengers, provide information, and answer questions concerning fares, schedules, transfers, and routings.Subway and Streetcar Operators1.7%L1L1L238%2 minPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Report any bus malfunctions or needed repairs.Bus Drivers, School1.7%L1L1L238%10 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Report delays, accidents, or other traffic and transportation situations, using telephones or mobile two-way radios.Bus Drivers, School1.6%L1L1L120%3 minPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Read maps and follow written and verbal geographic directions.Bus Drivers, School1.6%L1L1L235%15 minPhysical presence, Accountability
Maintain knowledge of first-aid procedures.Bus Drivers, School1.5%L1L1L232%1.5 hPhysical presence, Accountability
Report delinquent student behaviors to school administration.Bus Drivers, School1.1%L1L1L232%12 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Complete reports, including shift summaries and incident or accident reports.Subway and Streetcar Operators1.0%L2L2L265%30 minAccountability, Access to systems
Make minor repairs to vehicles.Bus Drivers, School · supplemental task0.9%L0L0L110%38 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.8%L0L0L02%4.3 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.8%L0L0L112%5.0 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L0L0L02%4 minPhysical presence, Trust and care
Pick up and drop off passengers at regularly scheduled neighborhood locations, following strict time schedules.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L0L0L16%52 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L2L2L238%3 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Pick up or meet passengers according to requests, appointments, or schedules.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L1L1L112%30 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Drive shuttle busses, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L0L0L01%1.0 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Check the condition of a vehicle's tires, brakes, windshield wipers, lights, oil, fuel, water, and safety equipment to ensure that everything is in working order.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L0L0L05%18 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Operate vehicles with specialized equipment, such as wheelchair lifts, to transport and secure passengers with special needs.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L0L0L04%35 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L0L0L04%10 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Arrange to pick up particular customers or groups on a regular schedule.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L2L2L372%38 minTrust and care
Prepare and submit reports that may include the number of passengers or trips, hours worked, mileage driven fuel consumed, or fares received.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.7%L2L2L372%20 minAccess to systems
Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs · supplemental task0.7%L0L0L112%2 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.6%L0L0L04%15 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Direct emergency evacuation procedures.Subway and Streetcar Operators0.6%L0L0L18%38 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Report delays, accidents, or other traffic and transportation situations, using telephones or mobile two-way radios.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.6%L1L1L232%4 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Read maps and follow written and verbal geographic directions.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.6%L1L1L240%22 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilation systems for passenger comfort.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.6%L0L0L02%4 minPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Notify dispatchers or company mechanics of vehicle problems.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.6%L1L1L240%8 minPhysical presence, Access to systems
Report any vehicle malfunctions or needed repairs.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.6%L2L2L245%10 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Record vehicle routes.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.5%L2L2L368%12 minAccess to systems
Attend meetings on driver and passenger safety to learn ways in which job performance might be affected.Subway and Streetcar Operators0.5%L1L1L130%1.3 hPhysical presence, Access to systems
Perform errands for customers or employers, such as delivering or picking up mail and packages.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs · supplemental task0.5%L1L1L218%52 minPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Maintain knowledge of first-aid procedures.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.5%L1L1L240%1.5 hPhysical presence, Accountability
Provide passengers with information or advice about the local area, points of interest, hotels, or restaurants.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.5%L2L2L252%8 minPhysical presence, Trust and care
Vacuum and clean interiors, and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.4%L0L0L00%52 minPhysical presence
Complete accident reports when necessary.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs0.4%L2L2L252%30 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing.Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs · supplemental task0.4%L1L1L115%1.3 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Enforce safety rules and regulations.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L1L1L225%45 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Confer with customers, supervisors, contractors, or other personnel to exchange information or to resolve problems.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L245%25 minTrust and care, Access to systems
Resolve worker problems or collaborate with employees to assist in problem resolution.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L1L1L230%25 minPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Plan work assignments and equipment allocations to meet transportation, operations or production goals.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L258%1.3 hAccess to systems
Review orders, production schedules, blueprints, or shipping or receiving notices to determine work sequences and material shipping dates, types, volumes, or destinations.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L265%45 minAccess to systems
Drive vehicles or operate machines or equipment to complete work assignments or to assist workers.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L0L0L02%3.0 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Interpret transportation or tariff regulations, shipping orders, safety regulations, or company policies and procedures for workers.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L260%32 minAccountability, Trust and care
Examine, measure, or weigh cargo or materials to determine specific handling requirements.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L1L1L120%18 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Monitor field work to ensure proper performance and use of materials.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L1L1L232%1.3 hPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Maintain or verify records of time, materials, expenditures, or crew activities.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L260%38 minAccountability, Access to systems
Inspect or test materials, stock, vehicles, equipment, or facilities to ensure that they are safe, free of defects, and consistent with specifications.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L1L1L230%45 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Dispatch personnel and vehicles in response to telephone or radio reports of emergencies.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L248%8 minAccountability, Access to systems
Compute or estimate cash, payroll, transportation, personnel, or storage requirements.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L268%1.3 hAccess to systems
Plan and establish schedules.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L262%1.8 hAccess to systems
Direct workers in transportation or related services, such as pumping, moving, storing, or loading or unloading of materials.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L232%2.3 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Assist workers in tasks, such as loading vehicles.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators · supplemental task0.1%L0L0L219%30 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Requisition needed personnel, supplies, equipment, parts, or repair services.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L262%38 minAccess to systems
Explain and demonstrate work tasks to new workers or assign training tasks to experienced workers.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L1L1L228%1.3 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Perform or schedule repairs or preventive maintenance of vehicles or other equipment.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L242%1.3 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Prepare, compile, and submit reports on work activities, operations, production, or work-related accidents.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L268%52 minAccountability, Access to systems
Recommend and implement measures to improve worker motivation, equipment performance, work methods, or customer services.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L245%3.3 hPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Recommend or implement personnel actions, such as employee selection, evaluation, rewards, or disciplinary actions.First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators0.1%L2L2L255%1.5 hAccountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Train workers in proper operational procedures and functions and explain company policies.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L242%1.5 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care
Take disciplinary action to address performance problems.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L238%1.5 hAccountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Analyze and record personnel or operational data and write related activity reports.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L270%1.5 hAccess to systems
Resolve customer complaints regarding worker performance or services rendered.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L252%35 minAccountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Requisition necessary supplies, equipment, or services.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L262%38 minAccess to systems
Recruit and hire staff members.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L258%6.0 hAccountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Recommend and implement measures to improve worker motivation, work methods, or customer services.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L242%3.5 hTrust and care, Access to systems
Participate in continuing education to stay abreast of industry trends and developments.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L250%1.8 h–
Observe and evaluate workers' appearance and performance to ensure quality service and compliance with specifications.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L122%1.0 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Meet with managers or other supervisors to stay informed of changes affecting operations.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L228%52 minPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Inspect work areas or operating equipment to ensure conformance to established standards in areas such as cleanliness or maintenance.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L115%35 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems
Inform workers about interests or special needs of specific groups.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L260%30 minTrust and care, Access to systems
Explain and demonstrate work tasks to new workers or assign training tasks to experienced workers.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L232%1.0 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care
Enforce safety rules and regulations.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L230%1.0 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Direct or coordinate the activities of workers, such as flight or car attendants.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L230%4.5 hPhysical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems
Confer with customers, supervisors, contractors, or other personnel to exchange information or to resolve problems.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L242%25 minPhysical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems
Compute or estimate cash, payroll, transportation, or personnel requirements.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L268%1.0 hAccess to systems
Apply customer feedback to service improvement efforts.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L2L2L258%2.0 hTrust and care, Access to systems
Inspect materials, stock, vehicles, equipment, or facilities to ensure that they are safe, free of defects, and consistent with specifications.First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants · supplemental task0.1%L1L1L120%45 minPhysical presence, Accountability, Access to systems

Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.

Against other measures

Exposure is not delegation

MeasureValuePercentile
ADI (this index)14.1%24
Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β0.27546
Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure-0.45141
Webb (2020), AI patent exposure53.92745
Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure0.1140
Anthropic Economic Index, observed use016

Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.

Same sub-major group (83)

Neighbouring occupations

Dashed line: bus and tram drivers (14.1%).

Cite this record
Text

Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Bus and tram drivers (ISCO-08 8331), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/8331

BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
  title     = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
  author    = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version   = {v2026.1},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
  note      = {Record: Bus and tram drivers (ISCO-08 8331)}
}
Machine-readable

The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/8331.json.