ISCO-08 1120
Managing directors and chief executives
75.9%
ADI · 126th of 433 · 95% interval 64.2–87.4
An AI agent can at least partly carry out 75.9% of the task time of managing directors and chief executives, and finish 0.0% alone. The barrier that holds most of the rest back is access to the systems the work runs on.
ADI · partial or full75.9%
126th of 433 · interval 64.2–87.4
ADI3 · full delegation0.0%
201st of 433 · interval 0.0–0.0
ADIs · share of time50.3%
123rd of 433 · interval 46.9–54.1
Evidence66
task statements rated by two models and weighted by importance and frequency. World employment: 10.3 million.
Task weight by level
How the tasks rate
L0No meaningful role · 1.4%L1Augmentation · 22.8%L2Partial delegation · 75.9%L3Full delegation · 0.0%
Barriers
What stops the agent
Share of task weight flagged by each barrier; a task can carry several.
66 task statements, heaviest first
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supervise employees or volunteers working on sustainability projects.Chief Sustainability Officers | 4.7% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 2.5 h | Trust and care |
| Develop or execute strategies to address issues such as energy use, resource conservation, recycling, pollution reduction, waste elimination, transportation, education, and building design.Chief Sustainability Officers | 3.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 6.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop, or oversee the development of, sustainability evaluation or monitoring systems.Chief Sustainability Officers | 3.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 24 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor and evaluate effectiveness of sustainability programs.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.0 h | Access to systems |
| Develop, or oversee the development of, marketing or outreach media for sustainability projects or events.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.6% | L2 | L2L3 | 70% | 6.5 h | – |
| Create and maintain sustainability program documents, such as schedules and budgets.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 4.0 h | Access to systems |
| Research environmental sustainability issues, concerns, or stakeholder interests.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 6.0 h | Trust and care |
| Develop sustainability reports, presentations, or proposals for supplier, employee, academia, media, government, public interest, or other groups.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 7.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Formulate or implement sustainability campaign or marketing strategies.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 8.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify and evaluate pilot projects or programs to enhance the sustainability research agenda.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Evaluate and approve proposals for sustainability projects, considering factors such as cost effectiveness, technical feasibility, and integration with other initiatives.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 3.0 h | Accountability |
| Direct sustainability program operations to ensure compliance with environmental or governmental regulations.Chief Sustainability Officers | 2.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 5.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct or coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products.Chief Executives | 2.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 5.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review reports submitted by staff members to recommend approval or to suggest changes.Chief Executives | 1.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 50 min | Accountability |
| Direct, plan, or implement policies, objectives, or activities of organizations or businesses to ensure continuing operations, to maximize returns on investments, or to increase productivity.Chief Executives | 1.9% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 21 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Show the other 51 tasks
| Task statement (O*NET occupation) | Weight | Level | Sonnet · Haiku | Share | Human time | Barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confer with board members, organization officials, or staff members to discuss issues, coordinate activities, or resolve problems.Chief Executives | 1.8% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 1.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct or coordinate an organization's financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency.Chief Executives | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review sustainability program objectives, progress, or status to ensure compliance with policies, standards, regulations, or laws.Chief Sustainability Officers | 1.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Develop methodologies to assess the viability or success of sustainability initiatives.Chief Sustainability Officers | 1.7% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.0 h | Access to systems |
| Interpret and explain policies, rules, regulations, or laws to organizations, government or corporate officials, or individuals.Chief Executives | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 1.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare or present reports concerning activities, expenses, budgets, government statutes or rulings, or other items affecting businesses or program services.Chief Executives | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Serve as liaisons between organizations, shareholders, and outside organizations.Chief Executives | 1.6% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 2.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Identify educational, training, or other development opportunities for sustainability employees or volunteers.Chief Sustainability Officers | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Analyze operations to evaluate performance of a company or its staff in meeting objectives or to determine areas of potential cost reduction, program improvement, or policy change.Chief Executives | 1.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 8.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Write project proposals, grant applications, or other documents to pursue funding for environmental initiatives.Chief Sustainability Officers | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 70% | 11 h | Access to systems |
| Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products.General and Operations Managers | 1.5% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 5.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Implement corrective action plans to solve organizational or departmental problems.Chief Executives | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 24 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish departmental responsibilities and coordinate functions among departments and sites.Chief Executives | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 5.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Deliver speeches, write articles, or present information at meetings or conventions to promote services, exchange ideas, or accomplish objectives.Chief Executives | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations.General and Operations Managers · supplemental task | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 3.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct non-merchandising departments, such as advertising, purchasing, credit, or accounting.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 2.8 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services.General and Operations Managers | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 2.5 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties.General and Operations Managers | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 68% | 2.0 h | Access to systems |
| Negotiate or approve contracts or agreements with suppliers, distributors, federal or state agencies, or other organizational entities.Chief Executives | 1.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Appoint department heads or managers and assign or delegate responsibilities to them.Chief Executives | 1.4% | L1 | L1L2 | 35% | 4.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory.General and Operations Managers · supplemental task | 1.4% | L0 | L0L0 | 5% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Set prices or credit terms for goods or services, based on forecasts of customer demand.General and Operations Managers · supplemental task | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.0 h | Access to systems |
| Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement.General and Operations Managers | 1.3% | L2 | L2L2 | 65% | 3.5 h | Access to systems |
| Direct or coordinate activities of businesses involved with buying or selling investment products or financial services.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.3% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 5.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare budgets for approval, including those for funding or implementation of programs.Chief Executives | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Write and distribute financial or environmental impact reports.Chief Sustainability Officers | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.5 h | Accountability, Access to systems |
| Conduct risk assessments related to sustainability and the environment.Chief Sustainability Officers | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Coordinate the development or implementation of budgetary control systems, recordkeeping systems, or other administrative control processes.Chief Executives | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 6.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan or direct activities, such as sales promotions, that require coordination with other department managers.General and Operations Managers | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 6.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct human resources activities, including the approval of human resource plans or activities, the selection of directors or other high-level staff, or establishment or organization of major departments.Chief Executives | 1.2% | L2 | L2L2 | 38% | 5.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Review and analyze legislation, laws, or public policy and recommend changes to promote or support interests of the general population or special groups.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 6.0 h | Trust and care |
| Direct or conduct studies or research on issues affecting areas of responsibility.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 6.0 h | Access to systems |
| Refer major policy matters to elected representatives for final decisions.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.1% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Attend and participate in meetings of municipal councils or council committees.Chief Executives | 1.1% | L1 | L1L1 | 22% | 2.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Organize or approve promotional campaigns.Chief Executives | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 58% | 2.8 h | Accountability |
| Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing.General and Operations Managers · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 5.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Preside over, or serve on, boards of directors, management committees, or other governing boards.Chief Executives | 1.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 30% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Prepare bylaws approved by elected officials, and ensure that bylaws are enforced.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 8.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Conduct or direct investigations or hearings to resolve complaints or violations of laws, or testify at such hearings.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 32% | 6.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Represent organizations or promote their objectives at official functions, or delegate representatives to do so.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.0% | L1 | L1L2 | 22% | 3.5 h | Physical presence, Trust and care |
| Nominate citizens to boards or commissions.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 1.0% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 4.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Administer programs for selection of sites, construction of buildings, or provision of equipment or supplies.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 5.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency.General and Operations Managers | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 4.0 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members.General and Operations Managers | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 45% | 7.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Make presentations to legislative or other government committees regarding policies, programs, or budgets.Chief Executives · supplemental task | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 40% | 5.5 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Perform personnel functions, such as selection, training, or evaluation.General and Operations Managers | 0.9% | L2 | L2L2 | 48% | 3.5 h | Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits.General and Operations Managers | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 60% | 3.0 h | Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions.General and Operations Managers · supplemental task | 0.8% | L2 | L2L2 | 62% | 8.0 h | Access to systems |
| Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management.General and Operations Managers · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 42% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
| Plan store layouts or design displays.General and Operations Managers · supplemental task | 0.6% | L2 | L2L2 | 52% | 4.0 h | Physical presence, Access to systems |
| Recommend locations for new facilities, or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities.General and Operations Managers · supplemental task | 0.4% | L2 | L2L2 | 50% | 24 h | Physical presence, Accountability, Trust and care, Access to systems |
Level: consensus of the two models (the lower level when they disagree). Share: part of the task’s working time an agent could take over. Human time: minutes a competent person needs for one instance, as estimated by the models.
Against other measures
Exposure is not delegation
| Measure | Value | Percentile |
|---|---|---|
| ADI (this index) | 75.9% | 71 |
| Eloundou et al. (2024), GPT exposure β | 0.481 | 73 |
| Felten et al. (2021), AI occupational exposure | 1.2 | 87 |
| Webb (2020), AI patent exposure | 35.059 | 26 |
| Eisfeldt et al. (2026), generative AI exposure | 0.447 | 83 |
| Anthropic Economic Index, observed use | 0.052 | 61 |
Earlier indices measure whether AI can touch a task; ADI measures how much of it an agent can carry out from a goal. – : the source does not cover this occupation.
Same sub-major group (11)
Neighbouring occupations
| Occupation | ADI | % |
|---|---|---|
| Senior officials of special-interest organisations 1114 | 90.3 | |
| Senior government officials 1112 | 76.1 | |
| Traditional chiefs and heads of village 1113 | 62.8 | |
| Legislators 1111 | 50.0 |
Dashed line: managing directors and chief executives (75.9%).
Cite this record
Text
Espinal Maya, Cristian, and Santiago Jiménez Londoño. 2026. ADI v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and MCP server. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918. Record: Managing directors and chief executives (ISCO-08 1120), https://balamlabs.org/adi/occupations/1120
BibTeX
@misc{espinal2026adidata,
title = {{ADI} v2026.1: Agent Delegability Index data, code and {MCP} server},
author = {Espinal Maya, Cristian and Jim{\'e}nez Londo{\~n}o, Santiago},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Zenodo},
version = {v2026.1},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23552918},
note = {Record: Managing directors and chief executives (ISCO-08 1120)}
}Machine-readable
The same record as static JSON, with its citation: /adi/v2026.1/isco/1120.json.